{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:39:35Z","timestamp":1793198375737,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"abstract":"\n \n <\/jats:sec>\n \n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:<\/jats:title>\n Exposure to airborne fine particles with diameters \u22642.5 \u03bcm (PM2.5) pollution is a well-established cause of respiratory diseases in children; whether wildfire-specific PM2.5 causes more damage, however, remains uncertain. We examine the associations between wildfire-specific PM2.5 and pediatric respiratory health during the period 2011\u20132017 in San Diego County, California, and compare these results with other sources of PM2.5.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n Visits to emergency and urgent care facilities of Rady\u2019s Children Hospital network in San Diego County, California, by individuals (aged \u226419 years) with \u22651 of the following respiratory conditions: difficulty breathing, respiratory distress, wheezing, asthma, or cough were regressed on daily, community-level exposure to wildfire-specific PM2.5 and PM2.5 from ambient sources (eg, traffic emissions).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n A 10-unit increase in PM2.5 (from nonsmoke sources) was estimated to increase the number of admissions by 3.7% (95% confidence interval: 1.2% to 6.1%). In contrast, the effect of PM2.5 attributable to wildfire was estimated to be a 30.0% (95% confidence interval: 26.6% to 33.4%) increase in visits.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n Wildfire-specific PM2.5 was found to be \u223c10 times more harmful on children\u2019s respiratory health than PM2.5 from other sources, particularly for children aged 0 to 5 years. Even relatively modest wildfires and associated PM2.5 resolved on our record produced major health impacts, particularly for younger children, in comparison with ambient PM2.5.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-027128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T04:25:20Z","timestamp":1616473520000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Fine Particles in Wildfire Smoke and Pediatric Respiratory Health in California"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Rosana","family":"Aguilera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Corringham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Gershunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Leibel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Allergy and Immunology and"},{"name":"Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarik","family":"Benmarhnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography and"},{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2021121008100055700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409277","article-title":"Critical review of health impacts of wildfire smoke exposure","volume":"124","author":"Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121008100055700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GH000073","article-title":"Comparison of wildfire smoke estimation methods and associations with cardiopulmonary-related hospital admissions","volume":"1","author":"Gan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geohealth"},{"key":"2021121008100055700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.08.022","article-title":"Wildfire smoke exposure and human health: significant gaps in research for a growing public health issue","volume":"55","author":"Black","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021121008100055700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.086","article-title":"Wildland fire smoke and human health","volume":"624","author":"Cascio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121008100055700_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000552","article-title":"Wildfire smoke exposure under climate change: impact on respiratory health of affected communities","volume":"25","author":"Reid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121008100055700_B6","first-page":"E69","article-title":"The impact of PM2.5 on the human respiratory system","volume":"8","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121008100055700_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000556","article-title":"Wildfire-specific fine particulate matter and risk of hospital admissions in urban and rural counties","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121008100055700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx141","article-title":"Who among the elderly is most vulnerable to exposure to and health risks of fine particulate matter from wildfire smoke?","volume":"186","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121008100055700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-020-0210-x","article-title":"The association between wildfire smoke exposure and asthma-specific medical care utilization in Oregon during the 2013 wildfire season","volume":"30","author":"Gan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121008100055700_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2014.991856","article-title":"Emissions reduction policies and recent trends in Southern California\u2019s ambient air quality","volume":"65","author":"Lurmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"issue":"31","key":"2021121008100055700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7901","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804353115","article-title":"US particulate matter air quality improves except in wildfire-prone areas","volume":"115","author":"McClure","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121008100055700_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-016-1762-6","article-title":"Particulate air pollution from wildfires in the Western US under climate change","volume":"138","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"key":"2021121008100055700_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/12\/124018","article-title":"Future respiratory hospital admissions from wildfire smoke under climate change in the Western US","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121008100055700_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GH000144","article-title":"Future fire impacts on smoke concentrations, visibility, and health in the contiguous United States","volume":"2","author":"Ford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geohealth"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121008100055700_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800166","article-title":"California wildfires of 2008: coarse and fine particulate matter toxicity","volume":"117","author":"Wegesser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121008100055700_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"017011","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2200","article-title":"Mutagenicity and lung toxicity of smoldering vs. flaming emissions from various biomass fuels: implications for health effects from wildland fires","volume":"126","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"19","key":"2021121008100055700_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1513737","article-title":"Patterns of growth and decline in lung function in persistent childhood asthma","volume":"374","author":"McGeachie","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121008100055700_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304902","article-title":"Healthy air, healthy brains: advancing air pollution policy to protect children\u2019s health","volume":"109","author":"Payne-Sturges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121008100055700_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0654-7","article-title":"Climate changes reproductive and children\u2019s health: a review of risks, exposures, and impacts","volume":"87","author":"Anderko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121008100055700_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt090","article-title":"Evidence on vulnerability and susceptibility to health risks associated with short-term exposure to particulate matter: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"178","author":"Bell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121008100055700_B21","first-page":"20","article-title":"Acute effects of bushfires on respiratory symptoms and medication use in children with wheeze in Sydney, Australia","volume":"4","author":"Jalaludin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121008100055700_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-519OC","article-title":"Health effects of the 2003 Southern California wildfires on children","volume":"174","author":"K\u00fcnzli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2021121008100055700_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.05.006","article-title":"Association between fine particulate matter and the peak expiratory flow of schoolchildren in the Brazilian subequatorial Amazon: a panel study","volume":"117","author":"Jacobson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121008100055700_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2015.01.018","article-title":"Effect of catastrophic wildfires on asthmatic outcomes in obese children: breathing fire","volume":"114","author":"Tse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121008100055700_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002601","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002601","article-title":"The San Diego 2007 wildfires and Medi-Cal emergency department presentations, inpatient hospitalizations, and outpatient visits: an observational study of smoke exposure periods and a bidirectional case-crossover analysis","volume":"15","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121008100055700_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201902-150OC","article-title":"Increase in pediatric respiratory visits associated with Santa Ana wind-driven wildfire smoke and PM2.5 levels in San Diego County","volume":"17","author":"Leibel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2021121008100055700_B27","volume-title":"Santa Ana Winds and the Fire Outbreak of Fall 1993","author":"Small","year":"1995"},{"issue":"31","key":"2021121008100055700_B28","first-page":"289","article-title":"Climate, Santa Ana winds and autumn wildfires in southern California","volume":"85","author":"Westerling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eos (Washington DC)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121008100055700_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2008.041376","article-title":"The relationship of respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions to the southern California wildfires of 2003","volume":"66","author":"Delfino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021121008100055700_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/9\/094005","article-title":"Identification of two distinct fire regimes in Southern California: implications for economic impact and future change","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121008100055700_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/fire1020019","article-title":"Spatial distribution of wildfires ignited under katabatic versus non-katabatic winds in Mediterranean Southern California USA","volume":"1","author":"Kolden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fire (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121008100055700_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0201680","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201680","article-title":"Mapping future fire probability under climate change: does vegetation matter?","volume":"13","author":"Syphard","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121008100055700_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EF001210","article-title":"Observed impacts of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire in California","volume":"7","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earths Future"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121008100055700_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-011-0300-9","article-title":"Human-induced changes in wind, temperature and relative humidity during Santa Ana events","volume":"109","author":"Hughes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"key":"2021121008100055700_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL080261","article-title":"Climate change suppresses Santa Ana winds of Southern California and sharpens their seasonality","volume":"46","author":"Guzman-Morales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys Res Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121008100055700_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31819d128d","article-title":"Respiratory symptoms following wildfire smoke exposure: airway size as a susceptibility factor","volume":"20","author":"Mirabelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021121008100055700_B37","first-page":"29","article-title":"Valuing morbidity effects of wildfire smoke exposure from the 2007 Southern California wildfires","volume":"25","author":"Kochi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J For Econ"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121008100055700_B38","first-page":"287","article-title":"The 2007 southern California wildfires: lessons in complexity","volume":"107","author":"Keeley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J For"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121008100055700_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019GH000225","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GH000225","article-title":"Santa Ana winds of Southern California impact PM2.5 with and without smoke from wildfires","volume":"4","author":"Aguilera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geohealth"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121008100055700_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1175\/2008WAF2222165.1","article-title":"Description and verification of the NOAA smoke forecasting system: the 2007 fire season","volume":"24","author":"Rolph","year":"2009","journal-title":"Weather Forecast"},{"key":"2021121008100055700_B41","article-title":"Hazard Mapping System.","author":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121008100055700_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-009","article-title":"imputeTS: time series missing value imputation in R","volume":"9","author":"Moritz","year":"2017","journal-title":"R J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121008100055700_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v027.i02","article-title":"Panel data econometrics in R: the plm package","volume":"27","author":"Croissant","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121008100055700_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370600985875","article-title":"Woodsmoke health effects: a review","volume":"19","author":"Naeher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2021121008100055700_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.06.062","article-title":"In vitro assessment of the toxicity of bushfire emissions: a review","volume":"603\u2013604","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121008100055700_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0380OC","article-title":"Early life wildfire smoke exposure is associated with immune dysregulation and lung function decrements in adolescence","volume":"56","author":"Black","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121008100055700_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306768","article-title":"Evaluation of a wildfire smoke forecasting system as a tool for public health protection","volume":"121","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121008100055700_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/fire2020030","article-title":"We\u2019re not doing enough prescribed fire in the Western United States to mitigate wildfire risk","volume":"2","author":"Kolden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fire (Basel)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021121008100055700_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13825","article-title":"The impact of prescribed fire versus wildfire on the immune and cardiovascular systems of children","volume":"74","author":"Prunicki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2021121008100055700_B50","volume-title":"Wildfire Simulations for California\u2019s Fourth Climate Change Assessment: Projecting Changes in Extreme Wildfire Events With a Warming Climate","author":"Westerling","year":"2018"},{"issue":"13","key":"2021121008100055700_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3314","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718850115","article-title":"Rapid growth of the US wildland-urban interface raises wildfire risk","volume":"115","author":"Radeloff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121008100055700_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-15-0141.1","article-title":"The Santa Ana wildfire threat index: methodology and operational implementation","volume":"31","author":"Rolinski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Weather Forecast"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2020-027128\/1181756\/peds_2020027128.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2020-027128\/1181756\/peds_2020027128.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T15:01:44Z","timestamp":1639148504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/147\/4\/e2020027128\/180791\/Fine-Particles-in-Wildfire-Smoke-and-Pediatric"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2020-027128","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"article-number":"e2020027128"}}