{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T11:07:35Z","timestamp":1793876855699,"version":"4.7.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Milk kinship is an Islamic belief that human milk creates a kinship between the breastfeeding woman and her nonbiological nursing infant (as well as the woman\u2019s biological nursing infants) prohibiting future marriages between \u201cmilk brothers and sisters.\u201d As such, Muslim families in the Western world may be reluctant to use donor human milk from human milk banks given the anonymity and multiplicity of donors. Health care providers for the mother-newborn dyad should be aware of this belief to have respectful, informed conversations with Muslim families and appropriately advocate for healthy newborn feeding. With this article, we outline the basis of milk kinship in Islamic beliefs, explore religious and bioethical interpretations of milk kinship, and provide information for physicians and other health care workers to become more knowledgeable about this practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T10:05:40Z","timestamp":1611309940000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Islamic Beliefs About Milk Kinship and Donor Human Milk in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Sonia","family":"Subudhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of The King\u2019s Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia; and"},{"name":"UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Sriraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of The King\u2019s Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121013260341900_B1","article-title":"New estimates show U.S. Muslim population continues to grow.","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121013260341900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.4.965","article-title":"Issues in Islamic biomedical ethics: a primer for the pediatrician","volume":"108","author":"Hedayat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121013260341900_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmv018","article-title":"Human milk banking and milk kinship: perspectives of mothers in a Muslim country","volume":"61","author":"Karadag","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121013260341900_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2013.07.008","article-title":"Benefits of donor milk in the feeding of preterm infants","volume":"89","author":"Bertino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121013260341900_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2016.11.004","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants fed human milk: a systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Lechner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121013260341900_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3227","article-title":"Persistent beneficial effects of breast milk ingested in the neonatal intensive care unit on outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants at 30 months of age","volume":"120","author":"Vohr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121013260341900_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2003.tb02516.x","article-title":"Foetal development and breastfeeding in early texts of the Islamic tradition","volume":"92","author":"Ko\u00e7t\u00fcrk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2021121013260341900_B8","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121013260341900_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2006.1.164","article-title":"Islam and infant feeding","volume":"1","author":"Shaikh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121013260341900_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8519.2010.01844.x","article-title":"Milk banks through the lens of Muslim scholars: one text in two contexts","volume":"26","author":"Ghaly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121013260341900_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334411434803","article-title":"The concept of milk kinship in Islam: issues raised when offering preterm infants of Muslim families donor human milk","volume":"28","author":"El-Khuffash","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hum Lact"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121013260341900_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13308","article-title":"Milk kinship is not an obstacle to using donor human milk to feed preterm infants in Muslim countries","volume":"105","author":"Khalil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121013260341900_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2014.09.003","article-title":"Milk siblingship, religious and secular: history, applications, and implications for practice","volume":"27","author":"Thorley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"2021121013260341900_B14","volume-title":"The Oxford Dictionary of Islam","author":"Oxford","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121013260341900_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajp.20180401.13","article-title":"Breast milk donation in the Muslim population: why it is possible","volume":"4","author":"Rigourd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121013260341900_B16","article-title":"The Twelfth Ordinary Session of the European Council for Fatwa and Research.","author":"The European Council for Fatwa and Research","year":"2004"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121013260341900_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2019.0027","article-title":"Informal breast milk sharing in a Muslim country: the frequency, practice, risk perception, and risk reduction strategies used by mothers","volume":"14","author":"Onat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121013260341900_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1868-7083-4-14","article-title":"Milk kinship hypothesis in light of epigenetic knowledge","volume":"4","author":"Ozkan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121013260341900_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.177","article-title":"Human milk banking and milk kinship: perspectives of religious officers in a Muslim country","volume":"35","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121013260341900_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2015.1110336","article-title":"Creating religiously compliant milk banks in the Muslim world: a commentary","volume":"36","author":"Alnakshabandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2020-0441\/1082674\/peds_20200441.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2020-0441\/1082674\/peds_20200441.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,11]],"date-time":"2021-12-11T02:43:31Z","timestamp":1639190611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/147\/2\/e20200441\/36260\/Islamic-Beliefs-About-Milk-Kinship-and-Donor-Human"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2020-0441","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"article-number":"e20200441"}}