{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T00:22:13Z","timestamp":1793838133862,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title\/>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During 2014\u20132018, reported congenital syphilis (CS) cases in the United States increased 183%, from 462 to 1306 cases. We reviewed infants diagnosed with CS beyond the neonatal period (&amp;gt;28 days) during this time.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We reviewed surveillance case report data for infants with CS delivered during 2014\u20132018 and identified those diagnosed beyond the neonatal period with reported signs or symptoms. We describe these infants and identify possible missed opportunities for earlier diagnoses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of the 3834 reported cases of CS delivered during 2014\u20132018, we identified 67 symptomatic infants diagnosed beyond the neonatal period. Among those with reported findings, 67% had physical examination findings of CS, 69% had abnormal long-bone radiographs consistent with CS, and 36% had reactive syphilis testing in the cerebrospinal fluid. The median serum nontreponemal titer was 1:256 (range: 1:1\u20131:2048). The median age at diagnosis was 67 days (range: 29\u2013249 days). Among the 66 mothers included, 83% had prenatal care, 26% had a syphilis diagnosis during pregnancy or at delivery, and 42% were not diagnosed with syphilis until after delivery. Additionally, 24% had an initial negative test result and seroconverted during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Infants with CS continue to be undiagnosed at birth and present with symptoms after age 1 month. Pediatric providers can diagnose and treat infants with CS early by following guidelines, reviewing maternal records and confirming maternal syphilis status, advocating for maternal testing at delivery, and considering the diagnosis of CS, regardless of maternal history.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-049080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T08:30:15Z","timestamp":1630398615000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Congenital Syphilis Diagnosed Beyond the Neonatal Period in the United States: 2014\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Kimball","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia B.","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Miele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillard","family":"Weinstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phoebe","family":"Thorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliza","family":"Machefsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Torrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"2022051613044463500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199011083231902","article-title":"Congenital syphilis presenting in infants after the newborn period","volume":"323","author":"Dorfman","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022051613044463500_B2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\n          . 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Accessed September 22, 2020"},{"issue":"22","key":"2022051613044463500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6922a1","article-title":"Missed opportunities for prevention of congenital syphilis - United States, 2018","volume":"69","author":"Kimball","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022051613044463500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922819837368","article-title":"A case of fever, rash, and a painful limb in an infant","volume":"58","author":"Lanata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022051613044463500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000909","article-title":"Preventing congenital syphilis-opportunities identified by congenital syphilis case review boards","volume":"46","author":"Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2022051613044463500_B13","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\n          . State statutory and regulatory language regarding prenatal syphilis screenings in the United States. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/treatment\/syphilis-screenings.htm. Accessed September 22, 2020"},{"key":"2022051613044463500_B14","unstructured":"AAP Committee on Fetus and Newborn and ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice\n          . Guidelines for Perinatal Care. 8th ed.\u2008Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2017. Available at: https:\/\/reader.aappublications.org\/guidelines-for-perinatal-care-8th-edition\/4. Accessed September 25, 2020"},{"key":"2022051613044463500_B15","unstructured":"AAFP and US Preventive Services Task Force\n          . Clinical preventive service recommendation: syphilis. Available at: https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/family-physician\/patient-care\/clinical-recommendations\/all-clinical-recommendations\/syphilis.html. 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