{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T18:59:35Z","timestamp":1770490775395,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>New guidelines support using interferon-\u03b3 release assays (IGRAs) in children \u22652 years for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). However, lack of experience in young children and concern that IGRAs are less sensitive than tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) limit their use. Our aim was to identify active tuberculosis (TB) cases among high risk children &amp;lt;5 years and tested for LTBI with an IGRA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>. Retrospective review of domestic TB screening data from California\u2019s Refugee Health Electronic Information System for children &amp;lt;5 years old who resettled in California between October, 2013 and December, 2016. Children were crossmatched with the California TB registry to identify cases of TB disease between October 2013 and December 2018.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 3371 children &amp;lt;5 years were identified; the majority were born in countries with high TB incidence (&amp;gt;150 cases per 100\u2009000). Half received IGRAs (n = 1878; 56%), a quarter received TSTs (n = 811; 24%); 1.4% of children were IGRA-positive (n = 26) and 13% were TST-positive (n = 106). Twenty-two IGRA results were indeterminate (1.2%). Sixteen children had both tests; 9 were discrepant (positive TST with negative IGRA). No cases of TB disease were identified during 10\u2009797 person-years of follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>IGRA positivity was less than TST positivity in high risk children &amp;lt;5 years old. Despite fewer LTBI diagnoses in the IGRA-tested population, no cases of TB disease among children who tested negative were identified, suggesting IGRA is valuable tool for identifying LTBI in this population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T12:27:05Z","timestamp":1601382425000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Interferon-\u03b3 Release Assays for Tuberculosis Infection Diagnosis in Refugees &amp;lt;5 Years Old"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Kristen A.","family":"Wendorf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Control Branch and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phil","family":"Lowenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Control Branch and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Feraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis Control Branch and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuny","family":"Cabanting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Refugee Health, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Murto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Refugee Health, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121108054642700_B1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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[published correction appears in Pediatrics. 2020;145(5):e20200467]","volume":"145","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121108054642700_B8","volume-title":"Red Book: 2018\u20132021 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"2018","edition":"31st ed"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121108054642700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30060-7","article-title":"Serial QuantiFERON testing and tuberculosis disease risk among young children: an observational cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Andrews","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021121108054642700_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70225-6","article-title":"The burden of tuberculosis in crisis-affected populations: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Kimbrough","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021121108054642700_B11","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interactive core curriculum on tuberculosis. Pathogenesis of TB: TB classification system. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tb\/webcourses\/course\/chapter2\/2_transmission_and_pathogenesis_of_tuberculosis_2_pathogenesis_of_tb_tb_classification_system.html. 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