{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T00:38:26Z","timestamp":1786754306599,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"Supplement_1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the earliest controversies in the modern history of bioethics was known at the time as \"the Hopkins Mongol case,\" involving an infant with Trisomy 21 and duodenal atresia whose parents declined to consent to surgery. Fluids and feeding were withheld, and the infant died of dehydration after 15 days. The child\u2019s short life had a profound impact on the author\u2019s career and that of several others and ultimately led to changes in the care of children and adults with disabilities and the way difficult end-of-life decisions are made in US hospitals today. It also contributed to the growth of the modern bioethics movement and scholarship focused on pediatric bioethics issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0818c","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T13:25:13Z","timestamp":1596201913000},"page":"S3-S8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["\"The Hopkins Mongol Case\": The Dawn of the Bioethics Movement"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Norman","family":"Fost","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2021121100033626000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1353\/ken.2006.0016","article-title":"\u201cWho should survive?: one of the choices on our conscience\u201d: mental retardation and the history of contemporary bioethics","volume":"16","author":"Antommaria","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kennedy Inst Ethics J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121100033626000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1973.0049","article-title":"Mongolism, parental desires, and the right to life","volume":"16","author":"Gustafson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Perspect Biol Med"},{"key":"2021121100033626000_B3","volume-title":"Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed Medical Decision Making","author":"Rothman","year":"1991"},{"key":"2021121100033626000_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195103250.001.0001","volume-title":"The Birth of Bioethics","author":"Jonsen","year":"1998"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121100033626000_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-720X.2007.00131.x","article-title":"The god squad and the origins of transplantation ethics and policy","volume":"35","author":"Jonsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Law Med Ethics"},{"key":"2021121100033626000_B6","author":"Freeman"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021121100033626000_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(76)81138-9","article-title":"Passive euthanasia of defective newborn infants: legal considerations","volume":"88","author":"Robertson","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021121100033626000_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.60.4.588","article-title":"Ethical issues in pediatric surgery: a nationwide survey of pediatricians and pediatric surgeons","volume":"60","author":"Shaw","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021121100033626000_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.60.2.197","article-title":"Pediatricians\u2019 attitudes affecting decision-making in defective newborns","volume":"60","author":"Todres","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021121100033626000_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2307\/3561672","article-title":"Denying the rights of the retarded: the Phillip Becker case","volume":"9","author":"Annas","year":"1979","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121100033626000_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2307\/3560759","article-title":"Putting hospitals on notice","volume":"12","author":"Fost","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep"},{"issue":"21","key":"2021121100033626000_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.21.2041","article-title":"Decisions regarding treatment of seriously ill newborns","volume":"281","author":"Fost","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021121100033626000_B13"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021121100033626000_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2005.013508","article-title":"Is it in the best interests of an intellectually disabled infant to die?","volume":"32","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121100033626000_B15","first-page":"17","article-title":"Ten bad reasons for not treating Baby K","volume":"9","author":"Fost","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trends Health Care Law Ethics"},{"key":"2021121100033626000_B16"},{"key":"2021121100033626000_B17"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021121100033626000_B18","first-page":"241","article-title":"Order in the Steinhaus case","volume":"2","author":"Minnesota. 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