{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T07:27:19Z","timestamp":1794122839961,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Infants and children are at increased risk of severe influenza virus infection and its complications. Influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) varies by age, influenza season, and influenza virus type\/subtype. This study\u2019s objective was to examine the effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine against outpatient influenza illness in the pediatric population over 9 influenza seasons after the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During the 2011\u20132012 through the 2019\u20132020 influenza seasons at outpatient clinics at 5 sites of the US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network, children aged 6 months to 17 years with an acute respiratory illness were tested for influenza using real-time, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated using a test-negative design.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among 24\u2009148 enrolled children, 28% overall tested positive for influenza, 3017 tested positive for influenza A(H3N2), 1459 for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, and 2178 for influenza B. Among all enrollees, 39% overall were vaccinated, with 29% of influenza cases and 43% of influenza-negative controls vaccinated. Across all influenza seasons, the pooled VE for any influenza was 46% (95% confidence interval, 43\u201350). Overall and by type\/subtype, VE against influenza illness was highest among children in the 6- to 59-month age group compared with older pediatric age groups. VE was lowest for influenza A(H3N2) virus infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Analysis of multiple seasons suggested substantial benefit against outpatient illness. Investigation of host-specific or virus-related mechanisms that may result in differences by age and virus type\/subtype may help further efforts to promote increased vaccination coverage and other influenza-related preventative measures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-059922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T08:06:38Z","timestamp":1679645198000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Among Children: 2011\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"151","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Hood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"aInfluenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Flannery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aInfluenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjusha","family":"Gaglani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"bTexas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas"},{"name":"cBaylor Scott & White Health Research Institute, Temple, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhava","family":"Beeram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"bTexas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas"},{"name":"cBaylor Scott & White Health Research Institute, Temple, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Wernli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"dKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"dKaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily T.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eSchool of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold S.","family":"Monto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eSchool of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"fSchool of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Raviotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"fSchool of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward A.","family":"Belongia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"gMarshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huong Q.","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"gMarshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aInfluenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish M.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aInfluenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessie R.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aInfluenza Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023111014065026400_B1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\n          . 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