{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:08:54Z","timestamp":1792130934385,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at a high risk of invasive bacterial infections (IBI). Universal penicillin prophylaxis and vaccination, especially against Streptococcus pneumoniae, have deeply changed its epidemiology. Analysis of IBI in children with SCD in a post-13-valent pneumococcal vaccine era is limited.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty-eight pediatric hospitals from 5 European countries retrospectively collected IBI episodes in SCD children aged 1 month to 18 years between 2014 and 2019. IBI was defined as a positive bacterial culture or polymerase chain reaction from a normally sterile fluid: blood, cerebrospinal, joint, or pleural fluid and deep surgical specimen.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We recorded 169 IBI episodes. Salmonella spp. was the main isolated bacteria (n = 44, 26%), followed by Streptococcus pneumonia (Sp; n = 31, 18%) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 20, 12%). Salmonella prevailed in osteoarticular infections and in primary bacteremia (45% and 23% of episodes, respectively) and Sp in meningitis and acute chest syndrome (88% and 50%, respectively). All Sp IBI occurred in children \u226410 years old, including 35% in children 5 to 10 years old. Twenty-seven (17%) children had complications of infection and 3 died: 2 because of Sp, and 1 because of Salmonella. The main risk factors for a severe IBI were a previous IBI and pneumococcal infection (17 Sp\/51 cases).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a post-13-valent pneumococcal vaccine era, Salmonella was the leading cause of bacteremia in IBI in children with SCD in Europe. Sp came second, was isolated in children \u226410 years old, and was more likely to cause severe and fatal cases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-061061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T08:11:30Z","timestamp":1695888690000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Invasive Bacterial Infections in Children With Sickle Cell Disease: 2014\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Jean","family":"Gaschignard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"aDepartment of Pediatrics, Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Longjumeau, France"},{"name":"bIAME, INSERM 1137, H\u00f4pital Bichat, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9reng\u00e8re","family":"Koehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of cSickle Cell Disease, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9"},{"name":"dUniversit\u00e9 de Paris-Cit\u00e9, Paris, France"},{"name":"eINSERM U1134, Integrated Red Globule Biology, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"fRed Cell Haematology Laboratory, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King\u2019s College London and King\u2019s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Rinc\u00f3n-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of gPediatrics"},{"name":"hBiomedical Research Networking Center on Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Vanderfaeillie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iDepartment of Pediatrics, UMC Saint Pierre, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Pascault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of cSickle Cell Disease, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slimane","family":"Allali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"dUniversit\u00e9 de Paris-Cit\u00e9, Paris, France"},{"name":"jGeneral Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Sickle Cell Center, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Cela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"kPediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Odi\u00e8vre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"dUniversit\u00e9 de Paris-Cit\u00e9, Paris, France"},{"name":"lPediatrics, H\u00f4pital Trousseau"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Hau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"mDepartment of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal, Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"nPediatric Hematology Unit, Hospital D. 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