{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T12:14:16Z","timestamp":1785500056661,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH), a proven treatment of moderate\u2013severe HIE, was first used clinically after 2006. We describe trends in HIE diagnosis and use of TH over a 10-year period in California.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We identified 62\u2009888 infants,\u00a0\u226536 weeks gestation, who were cared for in California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative-participating NICUs between 2010 and 2019, and linked them to birth certificate data. We evaluated trends in HIE diagnosis and use of TH.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over time, rates of HIE diagnosis increased from 0.6 to 1.7 per 1000 live births, and use of TH increased from 26.5 to 83.0 per 1000 infants. Rates of moderate HIE increased more than mild or severe, although use of TH for mild HIE increased more than for moderate. Of those with moderate\u2013severe HIE, 25% remain untreated. Treatment varied by NICU level of care.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The rates of HIE and TH increased steadily. Some infants with moderate\u2013severe HIE remain untreated, suggesting a need for ongoing education. Further evaluation of systems of care is needed to assure all qualifying infants are treated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-063032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T08:08:31Z","timestamp":1724832511000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Trends in HIE and Use of Hypothermia in California: Opportunities for\u00a0Improvement"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Sonia Lomeli","family":"Bonifacio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"aDivision of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"bCalifornia Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cDivision of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan R.","family":"Hintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aDivision of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Profit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aDivision of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California"},{"name":"bCalifornia Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2024090102514522400_B1","first-page":"CD003311","article-title":"Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"2013","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024090102514522400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0899","article-title":"Hypothermia and neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"133","author":"Papile","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"16","key":"2024090102514522400_B3","first-page":"S516","article-title":"Part 11: neonatal resuscitation: 2010 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations","volume":"122","author":"Perlman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024090102514522400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2017.153","article-title":"Cooling in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: practices and opinions on minimum standards in the state of California","volume":"38","author":"Wusthoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090102514522400_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.04.052","article-title":"Hypothermia therapy for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in the state of California","volume":"165","author":"Kracer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024090102514522400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.12.061","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of therapeutic hypothermia mode during transport for neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"166","author":"Akula","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2024090102514522400_B7","volume-title":"Perinatal Quality Improvement Panel (PQIP)","author":"Jegatheesan","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024090102514522400_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.190","article-title":"Short-term outcomes after perinatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: a report from the Children\u2019s Hospitals Neonatal Consortium HIE focus group","volume":"35","author":"Massaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024090102514522400_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-320902","article-title":"Trends in the incidence and management of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the therapeutic hypothermia era: a national population study","volume":"106","author":"Shipley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"2024090102514522400_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.03.065","article-title":"The frequency and severity of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in infants with mild neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"187","author":"Walsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2024090102514522400_B11","unstructured":"Vermont Oxford Network. 2024 manual of operations, part 2. Available at: https:\/\/vtoxford.zendesk.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/21280617139859-2024-Manual-of-Operations-Part-2-Release-28-0-PDF. Accessed February 06, 2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024090102514522400_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2010.01.004","article-title":"The role of regional collaboratives: the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative model","volume":"37","author":"Gould","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024090102514522400_B13","first-page":"177","article-title":"Building the first statewide quality improvement collaborative, the CPQCC: a historic perspective","volume":"7","author":"Gould","year":"2020","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"2024090102514522400_B14","article-title":"Standards for neonatal intensive care units (NICUs)","author":"California Department of Health Care Services","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024090102514522400_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023061957","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-061957","article-title":"Standards for levels of neonatal care: II, III, and IV","volume":"151","author":"Stark","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2024090102514522400_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.08.028","article-title":"Antenatal and intrapartum risk factors for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in a US birth cohort","volume":"203","author":"Parker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024090102514522400_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1159\/000518654","article-title":"Temporal trends in the severity and mortality of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the era of hypothermia","volume":"118","author":"Vega-Del-Val","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024090102514522400_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F388","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313320","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia in mild neonatal encephalopathy: a national survey of practice in the UK","volume":"103","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024090102514522400_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716341","article-title":"Utilization of therapeutic hypothermia and neurological injury in neonates with mild hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a report from Children\u2019s Hospital Neonatal Consortium","volume":"39","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024090102514522400_B20","first-page":"394","article-title":"A critical review on the complex interplay between social determinants of health and maternal and infant mortality","volume":"9","author":"Dagher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024090102514522400_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4279-2","article-title":"Risks of asphyxia-related neonatal complications in offspring of mothers with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: the impact of maternal overweight and obesity","volume":"60","author":"Cnattingius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024090102514522400_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30217-0","article-title":"Preconceptional and maternal obesity: epidemiology and health consequences","volume":"4","author":"Poston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024090102514522400_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1581","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2053-7904","article-title":"Exposure to maternal diabetes during pregnancy is associated with aggravated short-term neonatal and neurological outcomes following perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"41","author":"Laval","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"2024090102514522400_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2018.02.007","article-title":"Mild hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and long term neurodevelopmental outcome\u2013a systematic review","volume":"120","author":"Conway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024090102514522400_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0095","article-title":"Quality improvement for reducing utilization drift in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy management","volume":"49","author":"Carlton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090102514522400_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0551-2","article-title":"Characteristics and short-term outcomes of neonates with mild hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with hypothermia","volume":"40","author":"Goswami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024090102514522400_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000445580.65983.d2","article-title":"Executive summary: neonatal encephalopathy and neurologic outcome, second edition. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Task Force on Neonatal Encephalopathy","volume":"123","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2023-063032\/1701962\/peds.2023-063032.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2023-063032\/1701962\/peds.2023-063032.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T02:52:20Z","timestamp":1725159140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/154\/3\/e2023063032\/199073\/Trends-in-HIE-and-Use-of-Hypothermia-in-California"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2023-063032","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"article-number":"e2023063032"}}