{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T12:07:17Z","timestamp":1790597237764,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Learning difficulties are frequently reported in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), yet little is known about the extent and predictors of their academic functions across ages. We aimed to examine the developmental patterns of academic achievement in these children from childhood to adolescence and how these patterns differ across demographic and NF1-related disease factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study integrated data of 1512 children with NF1 (mean age,\u200911.2\u00a0years, SD,\u20093.62, range,\u20093\u201318, 46.5% female patients) from 8 institutions. Academic functioning was assessed with Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement or the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test. Data were analyzed primarily using time-varying effect modeling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants\u2019 academic achievement was significantly lower than the normative means across ages, and the gap widened from middle childhood to midadolescence. Academic age trends varied across academic domains and demographic and disease factors. Male patients demonstrated larger deviations in math at midchildhood and in reading and writing between midchildhood and midadolescence. Children with lower parental education demonstrated larger deviations in math, reading, and writing between midchildhood and midadolescence. Children with familial NF1 demonstrated larger deviations in math at midchildhood and mid-to-late-adolescence, and in reading and writing between midchildhood and midadolescence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Academic difficulties in children with NF1 emerge early and worsen with age. The findings also highlight the variability within this population across demographic and disease factors. The age-specific estimates of academic functions can serve as the first NF1-specific academic norms, providing useful insights for future research and practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-067016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T19:02:29Z","timestamp":1737658949000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Academic Achievement of Children With Neurofibromatosis Type 1"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela L.","family":"Wolters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Janusz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Children\u2019s Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin S.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Children\u2019s National Hospital and The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Kennedy Krieger Institute, Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Pride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9University of Manchester and Manchester University Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9University of Manchester and Manchester University Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter L.","family":"Stavinoha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"10University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025070402015252700_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17004","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.4","article-title":"Neurofibromatosis type 1","volume":"3","author":"Gutmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"2025070402015252700_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00227","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral disorders in children with neurofibromatosis type 1","volume":"5","author":"Torres Nupan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025070402015252700_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13526","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders in children with neurofibromatosis type 1","volume":"59","author":"Vogel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol."},{"key":"2025070402015252700_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.06.002","article-title":"Predictors of cognitive, behavioural and academic difficulties in NF1","volume":"140","author":"Geoffray","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025070402015252700_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14489","article-title":"Predictors of cognitive development in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 and plexiform neurofibromas","volume":"62","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025070402015252700_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000179303.72345.ce","article-title":"The nature and frequency of cognitive deficits in children with neurofibromatosis type 1","volume":"65","author":"Hyman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"23","key":"2025070402015252700_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5956","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14235956","article-title":"Demographic and disease-related predictors of socioemotional development in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 and plexiform neurofibromas: an exploratory study","volume":"14","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025070402015252700_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1995.tb12026.x","article-title":"Cognitive function and academic performance in children with neurofibromatosis type 1","volume":"37","author":"North","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol."},{"key":"2025070402015252700_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2015.11.010","article-title":"Neuropsychological evaluation and parental assessment of behavioral and motor difficulties in children with neurofibromatosis type 1","volume":"48","author":"Coutinho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025070402015252700_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1177\/0038040710375689","article-title":"Racial-ethnic differences at the intersection of math course-taking and achievement","volume":"83","author":"Riegle-Crumb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sociol Educ."},{"key":"2025070402015252700_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00368","article-title":"Sporadic and familial variants in NF1: an explanation of the wide variability in neurocognitive phenotype?","volume":"11","author":"Biotteau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025070402015252700_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808316366","article-title":"Impact of neurofibromatosis type 1 on school performance","volume":"23","author":"Krab","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Child Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025070402015252700_r13","first-page":"103","article-title":"Maelstrom Research guidelines for rigorous retrospective data harmonization","volume":"46","author":"Fortier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025070402015252700_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww098","article-title":"Comparison of standardization methods for the harmonization of phenotype data: an application to cognitive measures","volume":"184","author":"Griffith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2025070402015252700_r15","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery","author":"Woodcock","year":"1977"},{"key":"2025070402015252700_r16","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery\u2013Revised","author":"Woodcock","year":"1989"},{"key":"2025070402015252700_r17","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement","author":"Woodcock","year":"2001"},{"key":"2025070402015252700_r18","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement","author":"Schrank","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025070402015252700_r19","volume-title":"Wechsler Individual Achievement Test","author":"Wechsler","year":"2001","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2025070402015252700_r20","volume-title":"Wechsler Individual Achievement Test","author":"Wechsler","year":"2009","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2025070402015252700_r21","volume-title":"Wechsler Individual Achievement Test","author":"Pearson","year":"2020","edition":"4th ed"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025070402015252700_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025814","article-title":"A time-varying effect model for intensive longitudinal data","volume":"17","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Methods."},{"key":"2025070402015252700_r23","volume-title":"Weighted TVEM SAS Macro Users\u2019 Guide","author":"Dziak","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025070402015252700_r24","article-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team R","year":"2023"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025070402015252700_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617723000103","article-title":"Longitudinal association between executive function and academic achievement in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 and plexiform neurofibromas","volume":"29","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025070402015252700_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2009.01046.x","article-title":"ADHD and academic performance: why does ADHD impact on academic performance and what can be done to support ADHD children in the classroom?","volume":"36","author":"Daley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025070402015252700_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000525","article-title":"Co-occurring trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems from grades 1 to 12: longitudinal associations with teacher-child relationship quality and academic performance","volume":"113","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025070402015252700_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579416000353","article-title":"The bidirectional pathways between internalizing and externalizing problems and academic performance from 6 to 18\u00a0years","volume":"28","author":"Van der Ende","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol."},{"key":"2025070402015252700_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01373","article-title":"Can the cognitive phenotype in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) be explained by neuroimaging? a review","volume":"10","author":"Baudou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025070402015252700_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000055090.78351.C1","article-title":"Natural history of cognitive deficits and their relationship to MRI T2-hyperintensities in NF1","volume":"60","author":"Hyman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025070402015252700_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1080\/13603116.2019.1572797","article-title":"The transition experiences of students with disabilities moving from primary to secondary schools in NSW, Australia","volume":"25","author":"Pitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Incl Educ."},{"key":"2025070402015252700_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2023.102188","article-title":"Primary to high school transition planning for students with disability: a systematic review","volume":"120","author":"Strnadov\u00e1","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Educ Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025070402015252700_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-021-01184-w","article-title":"Proactive versus reactive: strategies in the implementation of school-based services for students with ASD","volume":"49","author":"Root","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025070402015252700_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543075003417","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and academic achievement: a meta-analytic review of research","volume":"75","author":"Sirin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025070402015252700_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000356","article-title":"Gender differences in reading and writing achievement: Evidence from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)","volume":"74","author":"Reilly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025070402015252700_r36","first-page":"129","article-title":"A closer look at gender in NAEP mathematics achievement and affect data: intersections with achievement, race\/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status","volume":"37","author":"McGraw","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Res Math Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025070402015252700_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/09687590903363340","article-title":"Stuck in the land of disability? The intersection of learning difficulties, class, gender and religion","volume":"25","author":"Bj\u00f6rnsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disabil Soc."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025070402015252700_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-019-0359-8","article-title":"Educational delay and attainment in persons with neurofibromatosis 1 in Denmark","volume":"27","author":"Doser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025070402015252700_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215517709890","article-title":"The biopsychosocial model of illness: a model whose time has come","volume":"31","author":"Wade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025070402015252700_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.108134","article-title":"T2 hyperintensities in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 and their relationship to cognitive functioning","volume":"78","author":"Hyman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"2025070402015252700_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.04.022","article-title":"The neural basis of deficient response inhibition in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: evidence from a functional MRI study","volume":"93","author":"Pride","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025070402015252700_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-017-9717-8","article-title":"Impaired engagement of the ventral attention system in neurofibromatosis type 1","volume":"12","author":"Pride","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2024-067016\/1757608\/peds.2024-067016.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2024-067016\/1757608\/peds.2024-067016.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T02:02:05Z","timestamp":1751594525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/155\/2\/e2024067016\/200642\/Academic-Achievement-of-Children-With"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2024-067016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"article-number":"e2024067016"}}