{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:17:22Z","timestamp":1793420242982,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebral\/cortical visual impairment (CVI) is a leading cause of pediatric visual impairment in nations with developed economies and is increasing in those with developing economies. Because vision is the predominant sense used for learning, delay in diagnosis of CVI can negatively affect education, making early detection and management important. The American Academy of Pediatrics has published the policy statement \u201cVisual System Assessment in Infants, Children, and Young Adults by Pediatricians\u201d and an accompanying clinical report that are based on identifying potential causes of ocular visual impairment in children. Yet, routine vision screening may not accurately identify the brain-based visual impairment in children with CVI. Moreover, children with CVI often have medical complexity with other neurocognitive impairments and serious medical conditions that can make the diagnosis of CVI more difficult. Strategies are necessary for early identification of CVI to promote early diagnosis and referral for vision services that may allow a child with CVI to engage more fully in school, activities of daily living, vocational pursuits, and recreational activities. Knowledge of the characteristics of CVI as well as risk factors for CVI will assist the pediatrician in identifying children with CVI. This clinical report is complementary to previous vision screening policies, allowing both ocular and brain-based visual impairments in children to be identified and addressed. Pediatricians, other primary care physicians, pediatric ophthalmologists, neurologists, and other specialized pediatric eye care clinicians can identify children with CVI and coordinate effective evaluation, diagnosis, and referrals for vision services for these children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-068465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T08:06:31Z","timestamp":1732003591000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Diagnosis and Care of Children With Cerebral\/Cortical Visual Impairment: Clinical Report"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Sharon S.","family":"Lehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"aNemours Children\u2019s Hospital, Wilmington, Delaware"},{"name":"bWills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Philadelphia"},{"name":"cSidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"dChildren\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California"},{"name":"eKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda Y.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"dChildren\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California"},{"name":"eKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"},{"name":"fUSC Roski Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"SECTION ON OPHTHALMOLOGY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donny Won","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Fredrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Gise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell","family":"Strominger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven E.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia R.","family":"Kodsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey E.","family":"Bradford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christie L.","family":"Morse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer G.","family":"Riefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"COUNCIL ON CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES; AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR PEDIATRIC OPHTHALMOLOGY AND STRABISMUS, AMERICAN ACADEMY OF OPHTHALMOLOGY; AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CERTIFIED ORTHOPTISTS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garey","family":"Noritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishi","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deanna","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica E. 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