{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:13:04Z","timestamp":1789762384150,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"\n \n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONTEXT<\/jats:title>\n Various medical and social factors are associated with adverse neurodevelopment in children born very preterm. Analyses accounting for confounders involving representative samples are essential to quantify the effects of different factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n We aimed to systematically review the effects of various risk factors on neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at 18 to 36\u00a0months of age in children born before 32\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n DATA SOURCES<\/jats:title>\n Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed were searched for articles up through April 29, 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n STUDY SELECTION<\/jats:title>\n We used geographic or network population cohort studies of children born after January 1, 1990 at less than 32 completed weeks\u2019 gestation reporting risk factors and NDI measures at 18 to 36\u00a0months old. Studies including less than 50 children, not addressing confounders in the analysis, or comprising nonrepresentative samples were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n DATA EXTRACTION<\/jats:title>\n Study characteristics, population characteristics, exposure and outcome definitions, effect sizes, and covariates were extracted.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n Of 18\u2009012 studies screened, 51 were eligible. Brain injury (intraventricular hemorrhage grade III or IV and\/or periventricular leukomalacia) had the highest adjusted odds of moderate-to-severe NDI and its main contributors (moderate-to-severe cognitive or language delay and moderate-to-severe cerebral palsy), followed by neonatal seizures and retinopathy of prematurity (\u2265stage 3, \u201cthreshold disease\u201d or \u201ctreated\u201d). Small for gestational age exhibited inconsistent effects, whereas lower maternal age exhibited no effect on the outcomes included.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LIMITATIONS<\/jats:title>\n This included an inability to meta-analyze due to factor and outcome definition heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n This review illustrates the extent to which risk factors influence the odds of NDI in children born very preterm, finding neurologic morbidities confer the highest risk. We highlight the need for consistent factor and outcome definitions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-069565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T20:03:14Z","timestamp":1747252994000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Risk Factor Effects on Neurodevelopment at 2\u00a0Years in Very Preterm Children: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Samuel B.","family":"Axford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"2Clinical Sciences, The Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"3Department of Neonatal Medicine, The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice C.","family":"Burnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"2Clinical Sciences, The Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"4Newborn Research, The Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulbasit M.","family":"Seid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Clinical Sciences, The Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"5School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Clinical Sciences, The Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"6Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California"},{"name":"7School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Waterland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Clinical Sciences, The Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney P.","family":"Gilchrist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"2Clinical Sciences, The Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy E.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Clinical Sciences, The Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"4Newborn Research, The Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi-Nhu-Ngoc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Clinical Sciences, The Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lex W.","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Clinical Sciences, The Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"4Newborn Research, The Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"8Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanie L. Y.","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"2Clinical Sciences, The Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"4Newborn Research, The Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"8Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"2026022402530146700_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa073059","article-title":"Intensive care for extreme prematurity--moving beyond gestational age","volume":"358","author":"Tyson","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J 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