{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T03:08:09Z","timestamp":1792897689134,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"\n \n <\/jats:sec>\n \n BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n In 2023, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended either Abrysvo, a vaccine administered during pregnancy, or nirsevimab, a monoclonal antibody administered to infants after birth, to protect infants from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Our objective was to assess the proportion of infants immunized against RSV through antenatal RSV vaccination or receipt of nirsevimab among linked pregnancy-infant dyads.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n Using data from 10 Vaccine Safety Datalink health systems and a validated algorithm, we identified pregnant women aged 12 to 55\u00a0years with a live birth of 32\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation or more from September 22, 2023, through March 31, 2024. We identified RSV vaccination using electronic health records supplemented with immunization information system (registry) data. Among infants from eligible pregnancies, we identified nirsevimab administered through March 31, 2024. We assessed infant RSV immunization, defined as exposure to antenatal RSV vaccination or receipt of nirsevimab, stratified by race and ethnicity, age, and birth month.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n A total of 36\u2009949 eligible infants were included from 43\u2009722 pregnancies. Overall, 72% of infants were immunized against RSV; estimates were highest among infants born to non-Hispanic (NH) Asian mothers (84%). Disparities were identified by race, with 60% coverage among infants born to NH Black or NH Middle Eastern or North African mothers. Coverage was 59% to 78% by birth month, with nirsevimab more commonly administered to infants born earlier in the season.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n In this population of infants, 72% were immunized against RSV. Although overall coverage was high, disparities in immunization by race and ethnicity are a call to action.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-070240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T20:02:42Z","timestamp":1746475362000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Infant Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immunization Coverage in the Vaccine Safety Datalink: 2023\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Irving","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Weintraub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Immunization Safety Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suchita A.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Immunization Services Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilda","family":"Razzaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Immunization Services Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew F.","family":"Daley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana"},{"name":"6Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Donahue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candace C.","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darios","family":"Getahun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"10Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California"},{"name":"11Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungching C.","family":"Glenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"10Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Hambidge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"12Ambulatory Care Services, Denver Health, Denver, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen B.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"13Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elyse O.","family":"Kharbanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"14HealthPartners Institute, Pregnancy and Child Research Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith C.","family":"Maro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean T.","family":"O\u2019Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"15OCHIN, Inc, Portland, Oregon"},{"name":"16Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"15OCHIN, Inc, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine","family":"Sznajder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"17Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy S.","family":"Weinfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"17Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua T. B.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"12Ambulatory Care Services, Denver Health, Denver, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousseny","family":"Zerbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"13Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison L.","family":"Naleway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10098","key":"2026022402530229300_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30938-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study","volume":"390","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"10340","key":"2026022402530229300_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5\u00a0years in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"2026022402530229300_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S154","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac120","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus is the leading cause of United States infant hospitalizations, 2009\u20132019: a study of the national (nationwide) inpatient sample","volume":"226","author":"Suh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"issue":"41","key":"2026022402530229300_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7241e1","article-title":"Use of the Pfizer respiratory syncytial virus vaccine during pregnancy for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory tract disease in infants: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices\u2014United States, 2023","volume":"72","author":"Fleming-Dutra","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"34","key":"2026022402530229300_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7234a4","article-title":"Use of nirsevimab for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus disease among infants and young children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices\u2014United States, 2023","volume":"72","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"2026022402530229300_r6","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"2026022402530229300_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1722H","article-title":"The Vaccine Safety Datalink: a model for monitoring immunization safety","volume":"127","author":"Baggs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"36","key":"2026022402530229300_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.07.037","article-title":"Demographic characteristics of members of the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD): a comparison with the United States population","volume":"33","author":"Sukumaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026022402530229300_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/22.172","article-title":"Comparing Kaiser Permanente members to the general population: implications for generalizability of research","volume":"27","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Perm J."},{"key":"2026022402530229300_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20420986211021233","DOI":"10.1177\/20420986211021233","article-title":"Vaccine Safety Datalink infrastructure enhancements for evaluating the safety of maternal vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Naleway","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026022402530229300_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.12.048","article-title":"Monitoring vaccine safety using the vaccine safety datalink: Assessing capacity to integrate data from immunization information systems","volume":"40","author":"Groom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"2026022402530229300_r12","article-title":"Implementation and uptake of nirsevimab and maternal vaccine [Presentation slides]","author":"Stokely","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026022402530229300_r13","article-title":"Limited availability of nirsevimab in the United States\u2014interim CDC recommendations to protect infants from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) during the 2023\u20132024 respiratory virus season","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2026022402530229300_r14","article-title":"Updated guidance for healthcare providers on increased supply of nirsevimab to protect young children from severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) during the 2023\u20132024 respiratory virus season","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"issue":"38","key":"2026022402530229300_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7338a2","article-title":"Maternal respiratory syncytial virus vaccination and receipt of respiratory syncytial virus antibody (nirsevimab) by infants aged &lt;8\u00a0months\u2014United States, April 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people before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic","volume":"142","author":"Irving","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"2026022402530229300_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107751","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women in the United States: the contribution of vaccine-related attitudes","volume":"177","author":"Daley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev Med."},{"issue":"35","key":"2026022402530229300_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.07.028","article-title":"Racial disparities in influenza immunization during pregnancy in the United States: a narrative review of the evidence for disparities and potential interventions","volume":"39","author":"Callahan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"issue":"39","key":"2026022402530229300_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7239a4","article-title":"Influenza, Tdap, and COVID-19 vaccination coverage and hesitancy among pregnant women\u2014United States, April 2023","volume":"72","author":"Razzaghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly 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