{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:39:13Z","timestamp":1790177953752,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Up to 50% of children with urinary tract infections (UTIs) have vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Severe VUR can lead to reflux nephropathy (RN) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). In 2011, the American Academy of Pediatrics UTI guidelines suggested selective voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), departing from previous recommendations to obtain VCUG after all febrile UTIs in children aged less than 2\u00a0years. It is unknown whether the subsequent decrease in VCUG has led to increased preventable kidney damage. This study\u2019s objective is to evaluate recent trends in the US incidence of pediatric ESKD owing to RN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study used the US Renal Data System, a database that includes all US patients with ESKD. We identified patients aged 24\u00a0years and younger with ESKD attributed to RN from 2002 to 2021 as well as diagnoses that may overlap with RN. We used the US Census Bureau data to ascertain population incidence and a Poisson regression model for average annual percentage change (AAPC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 46\u2009000 cases of ESKD. The all-cause incidence of ESKD decreased (AAPC of \u22121.0%; 95% CI, \u22121.4% to \u22120.7%) as did the incidence of ESKD owing to RN (AAPC of \u22124.4%; 95% CI, \u22125.8% to \u22123.0%). The incidence of ESKD from obstructive uropathies and renal dysplasia also decreased; however, the incidence of other nonspecific congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract increased.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The declining use of VCUG over the last decade has not resulted in a measurable worsening of ESKD related to identified RN at the population level. Continued surveillance over time and investigations into shorter-term kidney outcomes are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2025-072092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T05:01:23Z","timestamp":1769403683000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Trends in End-Stage Kidney Disease Due to Reflux Nephropathy in Children and Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, 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