{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T16:06:06Z","timestamp":1777046766916,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Maintaining and managing boundaries in relationships with patients and their family members remains extremely important for the practicing pediatrician. Technological innovations that facilitate communication and information sharing, such as social media, have created new dimensions within the pediatrician-family-patient relationship. Shifts in patient and family expectations of the medical profession that have occurred over time, such as a greater desire among patients and families to have increased access to their pediatrician, also present novel challenges to traditional professional boundaries. Further, social and political issues that have bearing on the practice of medicine have raised questions about pediatricians\u2019 role as advocates for individual patients and child health within the pediatrician-family-patient relationship. The 2009 AAP policy statement, \u201cPediatrician-Family-Patient Relationships: Managing the Boundaries,\u201d offers guidance for pediatricians in navigating several key scenarios regarding professional boundaries, including accepting gifts, dual relationships, and romantic relationships with patients or caregivers. Since the content in this 2009 policy statement remains relevant, the intent of this clinical report is to complement the 2009 statement and provide guidance for navigating new and evolving dimensions of the traditional pediatrician-family-patient relationship, including advocacy within the pediatric clinical encounter, self-disclosure, and social media relationships with patients or caregivers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2025-072215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]],"date-time":"2025-06-22T20:02:48Z","timestamp":1750622568000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["New and Evolving Dimensions in the Pediatrician-Family-Patient Relationship: Maintaining and Managing Boundaries: Clinical Report"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Opel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics and Palliative Care, Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas S.","family":"Diekema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics and Palliative Care, Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Committee on Bioethics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi Tricot","family":"Laventhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gina Marie","family":"Geis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carrie","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah S.","family":"Loeff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary A.","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Taub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042411064417100_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12987\/9780300156966","volume-title":"The Healer\u2019s Power","author":"Brody","year":"1992"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026042411064417100_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520420061039","article-title":"Professional boundaries in the physician-patient relationship","volume":"273","author":"Gabbard","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2026042411064417100_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195082890.001.0001","volume-title":"The Virtues in Medical Practice","author":"Pellegrino","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042411064417100_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2017.08.005","article-title":"Diagnostic errors in primary care pediatrics: Project RedDE","volume":"18","author":"Rinke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042411064417100_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-2-200501180-00010","article-title":"Improving patient care. 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