{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:15:45Z","timestamp":1788221745076,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine long-term trends in overall and pathogen-specific late-onset sepsis (LOS) incidence among very preterm infants (VPIs) in a statewide, population-based network.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data for infants born at 22 to 31\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation in the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative from 2010 to 2023. LOS was defined as a positive blood and\/or cerebrospinal fluid culture obtained more than 3\u00a0days after birth. Annual percentage changes (APCs) were estimated using Poisson regression, with and without adjustment for gestational age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 66 441 VPIs, 6012 (9.0%) had at least 1 LOS episode, with 15.4% mortality. Of 6817 pathogens, 64.7% were gram-positive bacteria, 28.3% gram-negative bacteria, and 7.0% fungi; coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS, 34.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (18.1%), Escherichia coli (10.9%), and Klebsiella species (7.2%) were the most common pathogens. From 2010 to 2017, LOS incidence declined from 15.0% to 8.2% (adjusted APC [aAPC] \u22125.5% [95% CI, \u22126.6% to \u22124.4%]). From 2018 to 2023, LOS incidence increased (aAPC 2.1% [95% CI, 0.6% to 3.6%]), driven by non-CoNS gram-positive (aAPC 5.4% [95% CI, 3.1% to 7.9%]) and gram-negative (aAPC 5.3% [95% CI, 2.4% to 8.2%]) pathogens. S aureus LOS increased in both periods (aAPC 4.3% [95% CI, 1.0% to 7.6%] and 7.7% [95% CI, 4.4% to 11.1%]), and Klebsiella LOS increased during 2018\u20132023 (aAPC 9.9% [95% CI, 4.2% to 15.8%]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this contemporary VPI cohort, LOS incidence declined during 2010\u20132017 but increased thereafter, driven by rising non-CoNS gram-positive and gram-negative infections, particularly S aureus. Targeted prevention strategies should address the evolving pathogen epidemiology of LOS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2025-074462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:03:00Z","timestamp":1787616180000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in Pathogens Causing Late-Onset Sepsis in Very Preterm Infants: 2010\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Neonatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California"},{"name":"2Division of Neonatology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Division of Neonatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California"},{"name":"4California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Schaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Neonatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihoko V.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Division of Neonatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California"},{"name":"4California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Profit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Division of Neonatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California"},{"name":"4California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of 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