{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T02:18:27Z","timestamp":1794363507750,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrocephalus is a complex neurological condition characterized by derangements in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics including disrupted CSF flow\/absorption and\/or excess CSF production that leads to ventricular enlargement and presents both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Its origins span from congenital anomalies to acquired cases following hemorrhage, infection, or tumors. Hydrocephalus is suspected in the setting of appropriate clinical signs\/symptoms, and the diagnosis is confirmed with brain imaging and, in rare cases, invasive intracranial pressure monitoring. Surgical intervention is the mainstay of modern hydrocephalus management, with CSF diversion via an implanted shunt being the most common management strategy. However, for a subset of patients, endoscopic third ventriculostomy can also effectively manage hydrocephalus without the need for an implanted device. This article highlights both genetic and acquired forms of hydrocephalus, reviews the surgical interventions for managing hydrocephalus and commercially available shunt technologies, discusses the shortcomings of current management strategies, and explores the ongoing development of next-generation shunt technology including smart shunts and antifouling catheter coatings that aim to reduce shunt malfunction rates. Additionally, we review current bench research investigating the cellular\/molecular mechanisms involved in hydrocephalus induction including studies on ventricular lining disruption and the role of aquaporins in hydrocephalus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2025-074744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:02:55Z","timestamp":1792713775000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hydrocephalus: Treatment, Current Research, and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Shahriari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County Research Institute (a part of Rady Children\u2019s Health), Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sora","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County Research Institute (a part of Rady Children\u2019s Health), Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Ledbetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County Research Institute (a part of Rady Children\u2019s Health), Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianna","family":"Fote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gio","family":"Jison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County Research Institute (a part of Rady Children\u2019s Health), Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine Thao-Quyen","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County Research Institute (a part of Rady Children\u2019s Health), Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Nhien","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County Research Institute (a part of Rady Children\u2019s Health), Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seunghyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County Research Institute (a part of Rady Children\u2019s Health), Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Casta\u00f1eyra-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County Research Institute (a part of Rady Children\u2019s Health), Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Muhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County Research Institute (a part of Rady Children\u2019s Health), Orange, California"},{"name":"2Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California"},{"name":"3Division of Neurosurgery, Rady Children\u2019s Health, Orange County (formerly Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County), Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian W.","family":"Hanak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County Research Institute (a part of Rady Children\u2019s Health), Orange, California"},{"name":"2Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California"},{"name":"3Division of Neurosurgery, Rady Children\u2019s Health, Orange County (formerly Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County), Orange, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"2026111007521915100_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01540869","article-title":"Surgery of hydrocephalus: past, present and future","volume":"116","author":"Hirsch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r2","first-page":"308","article-title":"The Holter valve in the treatment of hydrocephalus","volume":"55","author":"Russell","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Indiana State Med Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.98222","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy","volume":"3","author":"Yadav","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2016.1245848","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy: a historical review","volume":"31","author":"Demerdash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026111007521915100_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2014.06.002","article-title":"Infantile hydrocephalus: a review of epidemiology, classification and causes","volume":"57","author":"Tully","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Med Genet."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r6","volume-title":"GeneReviews","author":"Stumpel","year":"1993-2026"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.12245","article-title":"The role of L1cam in murine corticogenesis, and the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus","volume":"65","author":"Itoh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathol Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.1144","article-title":"Genetic and clinical aspects of X-linked hydrocephalus (L1 disease): mutations in the L1CAM gene","volume":"18","author":"Weller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Mutat."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.101801","article-title":"Natural history of hydrocephalus in children with spinal open neural tube defect","volume":"3","author":"Elgamal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2017.08.004","article-title":"Fetal surgery for myelomeningocele: after the Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS)","volume":"22","author":"Moldenhauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1159\/000365353","article-title":"Fetal myelomeningocele repair: the post-MOMS experience at the Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia","volume":"37","author":"Moldenhauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026111007521915100_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57070707","article-title":"Myelomeningocele surgery over the 10\u00a0years following the MOMS trial: a systematic review of outcomes in prenatal versus postnatal surgical repair","volume":"57","author":"Paslaru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067103","article-title":"Reduction in neural-tube defects after folic acid fortification in Canada","volume":"357","author":"De Wals","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp038186","article-title":"Folic acid and the prevention of neural-tube defects","volume":"350","author":"Wald","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r15","first-page":"33","article-title":"Myelomeningocele about 100 cases and review of literature","volume":"6","author":"Echnin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Med Health Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026111007521915100_r16","first-page":"1219","article-title":"Meningomyelocele perioperative management in neonatal: case series","volume":"11","author":"Suryaningrat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children (Basel)."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsc.2022.102208","article-title":"Ruptured meningomyelocele reconstructed with rhombic flap","volume":"79","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg Case Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026111007521915100_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1086\/301825","article-title":"A second common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene: an additional risk factor for neural-tube defects?","volume":"62","author":"van der Put","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026111007521915100_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010290","article-title":"5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene variants and congenital anomalies: a HuGE review","volume":"151","author":"Botto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010193","article-title":"The Implication of a polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene in homocysteine metabolism and related civilisation diseases","volume":"25","author":"Zarembska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026111007521915100_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.40.8.619","article-title":"Geographical and ethnic variation of the 677C&gt;T allele of 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR): findings from over 7000 newborns from 16 areas world wide","volume":"40","author":"Wilcken","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Med Genet."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r22","author":"American Family Physician","year":"2025"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026111007521915100_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)30248-1","article-title":"The use of folic acid for the prevention of neural tube defects and other congenital anomalies","volume":"25","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r24","first-page":"36","article-title":"Folic acid and prevention of neural tube defects","volume":"54","author":"Ryan-Harshman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2010.00432.x","article-title":"Neuroependymal denudation is in progress in full-term human foetal spina bifida aperta","volume":"21","author":"Sival","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026111007521915100_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1380","article-title":"Overview on neural tube defects: from development to physical characteristics","volume":"111","author":"Avagliano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.55524\/ijirem.2022.9.1.19","article-title":"Homocysteine role in neural tube defect: a review paper","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering & Management."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0b013e3182a2ca77","article-title":"Neuroimaging of Dandy-Walker malformation: new concepts","volume":"22","author":"Correa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Top Magn Reson Imaging."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026111007521915100_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-011-1544-4","article-title":"Hydrocephalus in Dandy-Walker malformation","volume":"27","author":"Spennato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72168-2_40","volume-title":"Textbook of Pediatric Neurosurgery","author":"Spennato","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r31","first-page":"179","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of the Dandy-Walker malformation: 30\u00a0years of experience","volume":"18","author":"Osenbach","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2020.06.003","article-title":"DVL mutations identified from human neural tube defects and Dandy-Walker malformation obstruct the Wnt signaling pathway","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Genet Genomics."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000319859","article-title":"Disturbed Wnt signalling due to a mutation in CCDC88C causes an autosomal recessive non-syndromic hydrocephalus with medial diverticulum","volume":"1","author":"Ekici","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Syndromol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2012-101294","article-title":"Mutation in MPDZ causes severe congenital hydrocephalus","volume":"50","author":"Al-Dosari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Genet."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01043-3","article-title":"Impaired neurogenesis alters brain biomechanics in a neuroprogenitor-based genetic subtype of congenital hydrocephalus","volume":"25","author":"Duy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.109197","article-title":"New and improved ways to treat hydrocephalus: pursuit of a smart shunt","volume":"4","author":"Lutz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int."},{"issue":"7753","key":"2026111007521915100_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1105-7","article-title":"Developmental origin, functional maintenance and genetic rescue of osteoclasts","volume":"568","author":"Jacome-Galarza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.8.PEDS15253","article-title":"A new Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network protocol to reduce cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection","volume":"17","author":"Kestle","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.12.JNS151181","article-title":"Ventricular catheter development: past, present, and future","volume":"125","author":"Weisenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061210","article-title":"How to choose a shunt for patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus: a short guide to selecting the best shunt assembly","volume":"10","author":"Sahuquillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4103\/sni.sni_11_17","article-title":"Impact of ventricular-peritoneal shunt valve design on clinical outcome of pediatric patients with hydrocephalus: lessons learned from randomized controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Hoshide","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026111007521915100_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1159\/000055960","article-title":"Long-term follow-up data from the Shunt Design Trial","volume":"33","author":"Kestle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199912000-00026","article-title":"A randomized, controlled study of a programmable shunt valve versus a conventional valve for patients with hydrocephalus","volume":"45","author":"Pollack","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.1999.7.4.2","article-title":"Introduction by Topic Editors, Peter W. Carmel, M.D., and James M. Drake, M.D","volume":"7","author":"Carmel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosurgical Focus."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199808000-00068","article-title":"Randomized trial of cerebrospinal fluid shunt valve design in pediatric hydrocephalus","volume":"43","author":"Drake","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72168-2_26","volume-title":"Textbook of Pediatric Neurosurgery","author":"Aschoff","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026111007521915100_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.ra.2015-0282","article-title":"Shunt devices for the treatment of adult hydrocephalus: recent progress and characteristics","volume":"56","author":"Miyake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r48","first-page":"CD012726","article-title":"Ventriculo-peritoneal shunting devices for hydrocephalus","volume":"6","author":"Garegnani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-006-0226-0","article-title":"Adjustable vs set-pressure valves decrease the risk of proximal shunt obstruction in the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus","volume":"23","author":"McGirt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r50","first-page":"313","article-title":"A review of cerebral shunts, current technologies, and future endeavors","volume":"91","author":"Soler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5915","article-title":"Assessment of MRI issues for a 3-T \u201cimmune\u201d programmable CSF shunt valve","volume":"197","author":"Shellock","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.99171","article-title":"3T magnetic resonance imaging testing of externally programmable shunt valves","volume":"3","author":"Zabramski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r53","article-title":"StrataMR\u2122 II adjustable pressure valve and shunt","author":"Medtronic","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r54","year":"2026"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.08.001","article-title":"Antisiphon device: A review of existing mechanisms and clinical applications to prevent overdrainage in shunted hydrocephalic patients","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed J."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026111007521915100_r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2021.1962289","article-title":"Advances in CSF shunt devices and their assessment for the treatment of hydrocephalus","volume":"18","author":"Aghayev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.66.3.408a","article-title":"Hydrodynamic performance of a new siphon preventing device: the SiphonGuard","volume":"66","author":"Czosnyka","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026111007521915100_r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.87.5.0682","article-title":"Increased risk of distal ventriculoperitoneal shunt obstruction associated with slit valves or distal slits in the peritoneal catheter","volume":"87","author":"Cozzens","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-001-0544-1","article-title":"Distal slit valve and clinically relevant CSF overdrainage in children with hydrocephalus","volume":"18","author":"Virella","year":"2002","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026111007521915100_r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.5.PEDS18111","article-title":"Overdrainage-related ependymal bands: a postulated cause of proximal shunt obstruction","volume":"22","author":"Kraemer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r61","first-page":"289","article-title":"Ventriculoperitoneal shunts in children: factors affecting shunt survival","volume":"12","author":"Liptak","year":"1985-1986","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r62","first-page":"2","article-title":"Mechanical complications in shunts","volume":"17","author":"Sainte-Rose","year":"1991-1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026111007521915100_r63","first-page":"233","article-title":"A search for determinants of cerebrospinal fluid shunt survival: retrospective analysis of a 14-year institutional experience","volume":"19","author":"Piatt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r64","first-page":"256","article-title":"Shunt technology: contemporary concepts and prospects","volume":"50","author":"Scott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurosurg."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.05.020","article-title":"Failure of cerebrospinal fluid shunts: part I: obstruction and mechanical failure","volume":"34","author":"Browd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.08.024","article-title":"Proximal ventricular shunt malfunctions in children: factors associated with failure","volume":"24","author":"Buster","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.6.PEDS14670","article-title":"Risk factors for shunt malfunction in pediatric hydrocephalus: a multicenter prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Riva-Cambrin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-9-18","article-title":"Pediatric hydrocephalus outcomes: a review","volume":"9","author":"Vinchon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.92.1.0031","article-title":"Risk factors for repeated cerebrospinal shunt failures in pediatric patients with hydrocephalus","volume":"92","author":"Tuli","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.2.PEDS15531","article-title":"Toward a better understanding of the cellular basis for cerebrospinal fluid shunt obstruction: report on the construction of a bank of explanted hydrocephalus devices","volume":"18","author":"Hanak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1159\/000452840","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid shunting complications in children","volume":"52","author":"Hanak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2014.09.029","article-title":"Time dependent pattern of cellular characteristics causing ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure in children","volume":"127","author":"Sarkiss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"issue":"s20","key":"2026111007521915100_r73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1969.tb09243.x","article-title":"Observations on the physiopathology of the CSF pulse and prevention of ventricular catheter obstruction in valve shunts","volume":"11","author":"Hakim","year":"1969","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.56.3.0411","article-title":"Malfunctioning ventriculoperitoneal shunts: clinical and pathological features","volume":"56","author":"Sekhar","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199802000-00064","article-title":"Biological reactions to cerebrospinal fluid shunt devices: a review of the cellular pathology","volume":"42","author":"Del Bigio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.1.FOCUS22637","article-title":"Characteristics of shunt failure in 38,095 adult shunt insertion surgeries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Isaacs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00706686","article-title":"CSF shunt complications: an analysis of contributory factors","volume":"1","author":"Griebel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.94.2.0195","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: a prospective study of risk factors","volume":"94","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026111007521915100_r79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2012.27.12.1563","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections in children: a study of 333 consecutive shunts in 6\u00a0years","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.77.6.0875","article-title":"Shunt implantation: reducing the incidence of shunt infection","volume":"77","author":"Choux","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026111007521915100_r81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-015-2691-9","article-title":"Principles and practice of pediatric neurosurgery","volume":"31","author":"Giordano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026111007521915100_r82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-016-3202-3","article-title":"Bladder perforation by ventriculoperitoneal shunt","volume":"32","author":"Miranda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_804_2021","article-title":"Rare case of migration and perforation of the urinary bladder by ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter with intravesical knotted formation: a case report and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026111007521915100_r84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e151","DOI":"10.1308\/147870811X602212","article-title":"Combined ventriculoperitoneal shunt blockage, viscus perforation and migration into urethra, presenting with repeated urinary tract infection","volume":"93","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1745.193383","article-title":"Transanal protrusion of ventriculoperitoneal shunt via appendicular perforation: a rare case report","volume":"11","author":"Bodeliwala","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r86","first-page":"216","article-title":"Shunt tip perforating large bowel through vermiform appendix","volume":"10","author":"Sahoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r87","first-page":"177","article-title":"Management of shunt infections: a multicenter pilot study","volume":"105","author":"Kestle","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.03.010","article-title":"Prevention and management of internal cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections","volume":"93","author":"Dawod","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect."},{"issue":"683","key":"2026111007521915100_r89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.58.683.566","article-title":"Ventriculo-atrial shunt nephritis","volume":"58","author":"Searle","year":"1982","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.54.6.806","article-title":"Two cases of \u201cshunt nephritis\u201d","volume":"54","author":"McKenzie","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026111007521915100_r91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(88)80235-5","article-title":"Shunt nephritis","volume":"23","author":"Narchi","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00262852","article-title":"Occurrence and management of fractured peripheral catheters in CSF shunts","volume":"8","author":"Langmoen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nervous System."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r93","first-page":"101","article-title":"Fractures of the peritoneal catheter of cerebrospinal fluid shunts","volume":"22","author":"Cuka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r94","first-page":"309","article-title":"Disconnection as a cause of ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction in multicomponent shunt systems","volume":"16","author":"Aldrich","year":"1990-1991","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.10.1.11","article-title":"Subdural hematoma, a complication of operation for hydrocephalus","volume":"10","author":"Anderson","year":"1952","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(61)80180-7","article-title":"Peritoneal drainage of subdural hematomas in infants","volume":"58","author":"Collins","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1953.10.6.0557","article-title":"Subdural hematoma occurring in surgically treated hydrocephalic children, with a note on a method of handling persistent accumulations","volume":"10","author":"Davidoff","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6839-6.10054-1","volume-title":"Schmidek and Sweet Operative Neurosurgical Techniques","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2012","edition":"6th ed"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198812000-00013","article-title":"Slit ventricle syndrome with aqueduct stenosis: third ventriculostomy as definitive treatment","volume":"23","author":"Reddy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2005.103.2.0119","article-title":"The role of lumbar shunts in the management of slit ventricles: does the slit-ventricle syndrome exist?","volume":"103","author":"Sood","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1159\/000067562","article-title":"Lumboperitoneal shunts in children","volume":"38","author":"Rekate","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199903000-00045","article-title":"Subtemporal decompression: the treatment of noncompliant ventricle syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Buxton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.36922\/an.4180","article-title":"Shuntogram technique for diagnosing shunt failure in patients with programmable valves: a literature review and a case scenario","volume":"3","author":"Stevenson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advanced Neurology."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.2.PEDS2161","article-title":"Shuntogram utility in predicting future shunt failures","volume":"28","author":"Adamski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.bc_29_21","article-title":"Slit ventricle syndrome: Historical considerations, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment review","volume":"7","author":"Panagopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Circ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3181fe2db6","article-title":"Evaluation of the ShuntCheck noninvasive thermal technique for shunt flow detection in hydrocephalic patients","volume":"68","author":"Madsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0239-1","article-title":"Continuous, noninvasive wireless monitoring of flow of cerebrospinal fluid through shunts in patients with hydrocephalus","volume":"3","author":"Krishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.7.JNS231326","article-title":"Quantitative noninvasive measurement of cerebrospinal fluid flow in shunted hydrocephalus","volume":"140","author":"Ha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.94.2.0202","article-title":"Predicting shunt failure on the basis of clinical symptoms and signs in children","volume":"94","author":"Garton","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026111007521915100_r110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e31812c65b4","article-title":"Test characteristics of parent\u2019s visual analog scale score in predicting ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction in the pediatric emergency department","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000195764.50565.8c","article-title":"Signs and symptoms of cerebrospinal fluid shunt malfunction in the pediatric emergency department","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.12.PEDS11291","article-title":"Parental recognition of shunt failure: a prospective single-institution study","volume":"9","author":"Naftel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00302769","article-title":"The diagnosis of blocked cerebrospinal fluid shunts: a prospective study of referral to a paediatric neurosurgical unit","volume":"10","author":"Watkins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.9.PEDS17253","article-title":"Parent\/guardian knowledge regarding implanted shunt type, setting, and symptoms of malfunction\/infection","volume":"21","author":"Ackerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.1.PEDS23435","article-title":"Language-discordant care in pediatric neurosurgery: parent and provider perspectives on challenges and multilevel solutions to reduce disparities","volume":"33","author":"Ruiz Col\u00f3n","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026111007521915100_r116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2116504","article-title":"Infantile and childhood hydrocephalus","volume":"387","author":"Whitehead","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"2026111007521915100_r117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21.e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.02.007","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for idiopathic aqueductal stenosis","volume":"79","author":"Spennato","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026111007521915100_r118","first-page":"e25136","article-title":"Failure of endoscopic third ventriculostomy","volume":"14","author":"Lane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026111007521915100_r119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.PEDS14152","article-title":"Combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization as primary treatment for infant hydrocephalus: a prospective North American series","volume":"14","author":"Stone","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r120","article-title":"Endoscopic Versus Shunt Treatment of Hydrocephalus in Infants"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.02.048","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of childhood hydrocephalus","volume":"155","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026111007521915100_r122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-020-01461-6","article-title":"External validation of the ETV success score in 313 pediatric patients: a Brazilian single-center study","volume":"44","author":"Furtado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.11.PEDS10296","article-title":"Use of the ETV Success Score to explain the variation in reported endoscopic third ventriculostomy success rates among published case series of childhood hydrocephalus: clinical article","volume":"7","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.4.PEDS163","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children: prospective, multicenter results from the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network","volume":"18","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2005.102.1.0001","article-title":"Hydrocephalus in Uganda: the predominance of infectious origin and primary management with endoscopic third ventriculostomy","volume":"102","author":"Warf","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12010078","article-title":"Improving infant hydrocephalus outcomes in Uganda: a longitudinal prospective study protocol for predicting developmental outcomes and identifying patients at risk for early treatment failure after ETV\/CPC","volume":"12","author":"Vadset","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4103\/jpn.JPN_286_20","article-title":"Role of surgical procedures (VP shunt and ETV) in tuberculous meningitis with hydrocephalus (TBMH): a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Bhushan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.91365","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in tubercular meningitis with hydrocephalus","volume":"59","author":"Yadav","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol India."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026111007521915100_r129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.PEDS14228","article-title":"Early outcome of combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization in childhood hydrocephalus","volume":"15","author":"Bankole","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.4.PEDS1253","article-title":"Long-term outcome for endoscopic third ventriculostomy alone or in combination with choroid plexus cauterization for congenital aqueductal stenosis in African infants","volume":"10","author":"Warf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026111007521915100_r131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3171\/PED.2008.2.11.310","article-title":"Combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization as primary treatment of hydrocephalus for infants with myelomeningocele: long-term results of a prospective intent-to-treat study in 115 East African infants","volume":"2","author":"Warf","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2005.103.6.0475","article-title":"Comparison of endoscopic third ventriculostomy alone and combined with choroid plexus cauterization in infants younger than 1\u00a0year of age: a prospective study in 550 African children","volume":"103","author":"Warf","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026111007521915100_r133","first-page":"3509","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization (ETV\/CPC) for hydrocephalus of infancy: a technical review","volume":"Childs Nerv Syst","author":"Coulter","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.8.PEDS17217","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization in infant hydrocephalus: a prospective study by the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network","volume":"21","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.01.017","article-title":"The choroid plexus links innate immunity to CSF dysregulation in hydrocephalus","volume":"186","author":"Robert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026111007521915100_r136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0321-y","article-title":"Inflammation in acquired hydrocephalus: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"16","author":"Karimy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.08.011","article-title":"The choroid plexus in health and in disease: dialogues into and out of the brain","volume":"107","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1807-1","article-title":"Molecular anatomy and functions of the choroidal blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in health and disease","volume":"135","author":"Ghersi-Egea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C152","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00137.2017","article-title":"The diverse cellular responses of the choroid plexus during infection of the central nervous system","volume":"314","author":"Lauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026111007521915100_r140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0204926","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204926","article-title":"Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance","volume":"13","author":"Isaacs","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e066339","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066339","article-title":"Management and outcomes of myelomeningocele-associated hydrocephalus in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol","volume":"13","author":"Takoutsing","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2015.09.006","article-title":"Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development","volume":"25","author":"Meara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.01.029","article-title":"Neurosurgical care: availability and access in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"112","author":"Punchak","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r144","first-page":"1344","article-title":"African neurosurgery: current situation, priorities, and needs","volume":"48","author":"El Khamlichi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E12","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.12.FOCUS19804","article-title":"Neurosurgical education in Egypt and Africa","volume":"48","author":"El-Ghandour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000048","article-title":"Addressing Africa\u2019s outrageous neurosurgeons deficit: what could the problem be?","volume":"109","author":"Wireko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Surg."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r147","first-page":"209","article-title":"Results of ventriculoatrial shunt surgery for hydrocephalus using Indian shunt valve: evaluation of intellectual performance with particular reference to computerized axial tomography","volume":"15","author":"Upadhyaya","year":"1982","journal-title":"Prog Pediatr Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2005.102.4.0358","article-title":"Comparison of 1-year outcomes for the Chhabra and Codman-Hakim Micro Precision shunt systems in Uganda: a prospective study in 195 children","volume":"102","author":"Warf","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.3.406","article-title":"Chhabra hydrocephalus shunt: lessons for gravitational valves","volume":"65","author":"Czosnyka","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.9.PEDS09196","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of childhood hydrocephalus in Uganda: report of a scoring system that predicts success","volume":"5","author":"Warf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_747_2022","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy versus ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion for the management of pediatric hydrocephalus in African centers - a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Jesuyajolu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-007-0491-6","article-title":"Initial experience with endoscopic third ventriculostomy in Nigeria, West Africa","volume":"24","author":"Idowu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33915","article-title":"Reduced cell attachment to poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-coated ventricular catheters in vitro","volume":"106","author":"Hanak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-023-06058-0","article-title":"Polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated catheters decrease choroid plexus adhesion and improve flow\/pressure performance in an in vitro model of hydrocephalus","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.5.JNS2355","article-title":"Reduction of cell surface attachment in experimental hydrocephalus using a novel ventricular catheter with modified tethered liquid perfluorocarbon","volume":"140","author":"Garcia-Bonilla","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r156","author":"Cerulean Scientific","year":"2024"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026111007521915100_r157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.0c00456","article-title":"Zwitterion surface-functionalized thermoplastic polyurethane for antifouling catheter applications","volume":"21","author":"Nikam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026111007521915100_r158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11385","DOI":"10.1021\/am501961b","article-title":"Building an antifouling zwitterionic coating on urinary catheters using an enzymatically triggered bottom-up approach","volume":"6","author":"Diaz Blanco","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026111007521915100_r159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200254","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202200254","article-title":"A readily scalable, clinically demonstrated, antibiofouling zwitterionic surface treatment for implantable medical devices","volume":"34","author":"McVerry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Mater."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r160","author":"Codman Specialty Surgical"},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r161","volume-title":"A new option for short-or long-term peripheral access to the central venous system","author":"Lareau","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/app.40328","article-title":"Surface modifying oligomers used to functionalize polymeric surfaces: consideration of blood contact applications","volume":"131","author":"Lopez-Donaire","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Appl Polym Sci."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r163"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026111007521915100_r164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2205709","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202205709","article-title":"Lipid deposition profiles influence foreign body responses","volume":"35","author":"Schreib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Mater."},{"issue":"35","key":"2026111007521915100_r165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46177","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c13051","article-title":"Mucus mimic hydrogel coating for lubricous, antibiofouling, and anti-inflammatory urinary catheters","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026111007521915100_r166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20620","DOI":"10.3390\/s141120620","article-title":"Chronically implanted pressure sensors: challenges and state of the field","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339831","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1339831","article-title":"A novel ventriculoperitoneal shunt flow sensor based on electrically induced spatial variation in cerebrospinal fluid charge density","volume":"11","author":"Zarrin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026111007521915100_r168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051747","article-title":"Multimodal sensing capabilities for the detection of shunt failure","volume":"21","author":"Gamero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026111007521915100_r169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13091318","article-title":"Implantable intracranial pressure sensor with continuous bluetooth transmission via mobile application","volume":"13","author":"Elsawaf","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pers Med."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.10.044","article-title":"Intracranial pressure-guided shunt valve adjustments with the Miethke Sensor reservoir","volume":"109","author":"Antes","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r171","author":"Thompson","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-70864-8","article-title":"Long-term brain pressure monitoring via a discrete microimplant: a first-in-human safety and initial efficacy trial in adults and children with hydrocephalus","volume":"17","author":"Malpas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r173","author":"FDA","year":"2026"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.99.2.0426","article-title":"Computational and experimental study of proximal flow in ventricular catheters. Technical note","volume":"99","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2026111007521915100_r175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-016-0182-1","article-title":"Influence of the hole geometry on the flow distribution in ventricular catheters for hydrocephalus","volume":"15 Suppl 1","author":"Gimenez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-014-2477-5","article-title":"New designs of ventricular catheters for hydrocephalus by 3-D computational fluid dynamics","volume":"31","author":"Galarza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-015-2618-y","article-title":"Parametric study of ventricular catheters for hydrocephalus","volume":"158","author":"Galarza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-015-2651-4","article-title":"Basic cerebrospinal fluid flow patterns in ventricular catheters prototypes","volume":"31","author":"Galarza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-013-2226-1","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics of ventricular catheters used for the treatment of hydrocephalus: a 3D analysis","volume":"30","author":"Galarza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000001766","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcomes of the flow ventricular catheter for hydrocephalus: a follow-up study","volume":"31","author":"Bertani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026111007521915100_r181","first-page":"e8940","article-title":"A noninvasive retrograde flushing system for shunted hydrocephalus: initial case series of 25 patients","volume":"12","author":"Falcone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r182","author":"AZBio"},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110741","article-title":"A stereotactic injection method to establish a clinically relevant germinal matrix hemorrhage murine model","volume":"431","author":"Jison","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2013.09.007","article-title":"Pathogenesis and prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage","volume":"41","author":"Ballabh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026111007521915100_r185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2017.1397628","article-title":"Challenges for intraventricular hemorrhage research and emerging therapeutic targets","volume":"21","author":"Garton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-022-01026-3","article-title":"Metformin alleviates delayed hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage by inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026111007521915100_r187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13144","article-title":"Secukinumab attenuates reactive astrogliosis via IL-17RA\/(C\/EBP\u03b2)\/SIRT1 pathway in a rat model of germinal matrix hemorrhage","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0547-1","article-title":"Age exacerbates the CCR2\/5-mediated neuroinflammatory response to traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Morganti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007192","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007192","article-title":"Targeting germinal matrix hemorrhage-induced overexpression of sodium-coupled bicarbonate exchanger reduces posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus formation in neonatal rats","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026111007521915100_r190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.005079","article-title":"Acute and delayed deferoxamine treatment attenuates long-term sequelae after germinal matrix hemorrhage in neonatal rats","volume":"45","author":"Klebe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r191"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.10.PEDS24119","article-title":"Neuroendoscopic lavage for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus of prematurity: preliminary results at a single institution in the United States","volume":"35","author":"Flanders","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-025-06929-8","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of neuroendoscopic lavage for the management of neonatal intraventricular haemorrhage","volume":"41","author":"Honeyman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026111007521915100_r194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3468","article-title":"Aquaporin water channels in the nervous system","volume":"14","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026111007521915100_r195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1159\/000452168","article-title":"Aquaporin water channels and hydrocephalus","volume":"52","author":"Verkman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2016.00087","article-title":"A distal to proximal gradient of human choroid plexus development, with antagonistic expression of Glut1 and AQP1 in mature cells vs. calbindin and PCNA in proliferative cells","volume":"10","author":"Casta\u00f1eyra-Ruiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01345-4","article-title":"AQP4 labels a subpopulation of white matter-dependent glial radial cells affected by pediatric hydrocephalus, and its expression increased in glial microvesicles released to the cerebrospinal fluid in obstructive hydrocephalus","volume":"10","author":"Casta\u00f1eyra-Ruiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3182011860","article-title":"Expression of aquaporin 1 and 4 in a congenital hydrocephalus rat model","volume":"68","author":"Paul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2012.01275.x","article-title":"Differences in distribution and regulation of astrocytic aquaporin-4 in human and rat hydrocephalic brain","volume":"39","author":"Skjolding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.13004\/kjnt.2017.13.2.68","article-title":"Expression of aquaporin 1 and 4 in the choroid plexus and brain parenchyma of kaolin-induced hydrocephalic rats","volume":"13","author":"Jeon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J Neurotrauma."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026111007521915100_r201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlz033","article-title":"AQP1 overexpression in the CSF of obstructive hydrocephalus and inversion of its polarity in the choroid plexus of a Chiari malformation type II case","volume":"78","author":"Casta\u00f1eyra-Ruiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026111007521915100_r202","first-page":"125","article-title":"Expression of aquaporin-1 in the choroid plexus in communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalic rats","volume":"19","author":"Carmona-Calero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Anat."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-10-18","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 expression in the cerebrospinal fluid in congenital human hydrocephalus","volume":"10","author":"Casta\u00f1eyra-Ruiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026111007521915100_r204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10438","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810438","article-title":"AQP4, astrogenesis, and hydrocephalus: a new neurological perspective","volume":"23","author":"Casta\u00f1eyra-Ruiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Choroid plexus remodeling associated with inflammatory CSF exposure in preterm acquired hydrocephalus","author":"Jison","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117759"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026111007521915100_r206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21927","article-title":"Sporadic obstructive hydrocephalus in Aqp4 null mice","volume":"87","author":"Feng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026111007521915100_r207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-018-3865-z","article-title":"Erythropoietin-mediated activation of aquaporin-4 channel for the treatment of experimental hydrocephalus","volume":"34","author":"Rizwan Siddiqui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026111007521915100_r208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.4.PEDS10551","article-title":"A standardized protocol to reduce cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection: the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network Quality Improvement Initiative","volume":"8","author":"Kestle","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026111007521915100_r209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.9.PEDS21391","article-title":"Anterior versus posterior entry site for ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion: a randomized controlled trial by the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network","volume":"29","author":"Whitehead","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r210"},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r211","author":"Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt - Treatment for Intracranial Pressure"},{"key":"2026111007521915100_r212","author":"Sheikh"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2025-074744\/1978897\/pediatrics.2025074744.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2025-074744\/1978897\/pediatrics.2025074744.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T12:52:51Z","timestamp":1794315171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/158\/5\/e2025074744\/211006\/Hydrocephalus-Treatment-Current-Research-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"references-count":212,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2025-074744","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"article-number":"e2025074744"}}