{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:56:49Z","timestamp":1789527409359,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence on the effectiveness of antiviral therapy in preventing influenza-related severe illness and hospitalization among children remains limited. We hypothesized that early administration of antiviral therapy within 48 hours of symptom onset would significantly reduce the risk of subsequent influenza-related severe illness and hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multicenter, age- and season-matched, retrospective case-control study included all pediatric outpatients with laboratory-confirmed influenza who sought care at the participating hospitals between 2020 and 2023. Cases were defined as children subsequently hospitalized or deceased because of influenza and were matched to nonhospitalized controls by date of initial visit and age strata. The effectiveness of early antiviral therapy (initiated within 48 hours of symptom onset, compared with delayed or no use) was estimated using conditional logistic regression. Subgroup analyses were performed for children aged 5\u00a0years or younger and older than 5\u00a0years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 1492 children (354 cases and 1138 controls; mean age, 7.1\u00a0years), early antiviral therapy was associated with an 81% lower risk of hospitalization overall (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.19; 95% CI, 0.14\u20130.27), with similar protection among children aged 5\u00a0years or younger (aOR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.12\u20130.31) and older than 5\u00a0years (aOR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.09\u20130.25). The effect remained robust across sensitivity analyses by antiviral agent, with E-values up to 10.0 (range, 9.47\u201319.49 across subgroups).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early antiviral therapy in pediatric outpatients with influenza substantially reduces the risk of subsequent severe illness and hospitalization, supporting prompt initiation of treatment in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2025-075020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:03:10Z","timestamp":1786924990000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Early Antiviral Therapy in Pediatric Outpatients and Risk of Influenza-Related Hospitalization"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"Ya-Ning","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu Municipal MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan"},{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan"},{"name":"3Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Jung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ling","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu Municipal MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan"},{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen-Hsin","family":"Kung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"5Department of Pediatrics, Tamsui MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Ying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"6Department of Medicine, MacKay Medicine College, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Tsung-Ning","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"6Department of Medicine, MacKay Medicine College, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu Municipal MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan"},{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"5Department of Pediatrics, Tamsui MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"6Department of Medicine, MacKay Medicine College, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luan-Yin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7National Taiwan University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"8Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Tai","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"7National Taiwan University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"9Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Pediatric 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