{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:38:42Z","timestamp":1792658322843,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess how number of children relates to part-time work, partner employment, and household responsibilities among female and male pediatricians.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed weighted 2024 data from 2029 participants in the American Academy of Pediatrics Pediatrician Life and Career Experience Study, representing 3 national age cohorts of pediatricians. Respondents reported number and ages of children, part-time work, partner work status, and division of household responsibilities. Logistic regression models examined associations between sex, number of children, and their interaction for 6 dependent variables: part-time work, partner work status, and 4 domains of household responsibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male pediatricians were more likely than female pediatricians to have 3 or more children (33.8% vs 25.2%, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). More female pediatricians were 32\u00a0years or older when they became parents compared with male pediatricians (60.5% vs 50.5%; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). Female pediatricians\u2019 likelihood of working part-time increased with number of children (12.7% with no children, 40.3% with 4 or more children, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), whereas male pediatricians\u2019 did not. Male pediatricians were more likely to have a partner who worked part-time or not at all (53.7% vs 21.1%, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). For household tasks\u2014including identifying needs, planning, executing, and monitoring tasks\u2014female pediatricians\u2019 primary responsibility increased with number of children, while male pediatricians\u2019 decreased or remained stable (all interactions P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sex disparities in the relationship between number of children, work status, and household roles were found among pediatricians. Female pediatricians shoulder greater household management burdens as family size grows, possibly contributing to persistent inequities in career advancement and work-life integration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2025-075557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:02:10Z","timestamp":1780358530000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Number of Children, Part-Time Work, and Household Responsibilities Among US Pediatricians by Sex"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"Amy J.","family":"Starmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Baystate Children\u2019s Hospital, Springfield, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Marsicek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Gottschlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Pat","family":"Frintner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William L.","family":"Cull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102203474891100_r1","article-title":"Physician Workforce Data Dashboard","author":"U.S"},{"key":"2026102203474891100_r2","article-title":"General Pediatrician Age\/Gender Distribution and Summary","author":"The American Board of Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026102203474891100_r3","article-title":"Pediatricians\u2019 Practice and Personal Characteristics","author":"AAP Research"},{"key":"2026102203474891100_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2023.102868","article-title":"Children of the Revolution: the continued unevenness of the gender revolution in housework, childcare and work time across birth cohorts","volume":"111","author":"Churchill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102203474891100_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55437-3","article-title":"Physician marriage survey reveals sex and specialty differences in marital satisfaction factors","volume":"14","author":"Dutta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026102203474891100_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.1635","article-title":"Delay of pregnancy among physicians vs nonphysicians","volume":"181","author":"Cusimano","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102203474891100_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2023.6392","article-title":"Medical students\u2019 perspectives on family planning and impact on specialty choice","volume":"159","author":"Dason","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026102203474891100_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2429345","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.29345","article-title":"Resident and fellow perspectives on family planning and building during training","volume":"7","author":"Dason","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102203474891100_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20153183","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3183","article-title":"Work\u2013life balance, burnout, and satisfaction of early career pediatricians","volume":"137","author":"Starmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102203474891100_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-0974","article-title":"Gender differences in time spent on parenting and domestic responsibilities by high-achieving young physician-researchers","volume":"160","author":"Jolly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102203474891100_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20182926","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2926","article-title":"Gender discrepancies related to pediatrician work-life balance and household responsibilities","volume":"144","author":"Starmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102203474891100_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2024068339","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-068339","article-title":"Pediatrician work hours: 2013\u20132022","volume":"155","author":"Cull","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102203474891100_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2023.01.005","article-title":"Examining early career pediatrician characteristics, sacrifices, and satisfaction","volume":"23","author":"Webber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr."},{"key":"2026102203474891100_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.12.062","article-title":"Pediatricians working part-time has plateaued","volume":"171","author":"Cull","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102203474891100_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230136","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.0136","article-title":"Marriage, children, and sex-based differences in physician hours and income","volume":"4","author":"Skinner","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102203474891100_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2024066240","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-066240","article-title":"Differences in pediatricians\u2019 income by sex over time","volume":"154","author":"Frintner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026102203474891100_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2326192","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.26192","article-title":"Childbearing, infertility, and career trajectories among women in medicine","volume":"6","author":"Bakkensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102203474891100_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3972","article-title":"A longitudinal study of pediatricians early in their careers: PLACES","volume":"136","author":"Frintner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2026102203474891100_r19","author":"AAP. Pediatrician Life and Career Experience Survey (PLACES"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026102203474891100_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5638","article-title":"Fertility and childbearing among American female physicians","volume":"25","author":"Stentz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)."},{"issue":"232","key":"2026102203474891100_r21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mean age of mothers is on the rise: United States, 2000\u20132014","author":"Mathews","year":"2016","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026102203474891100_r22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends in mean age of mothers: United States, 2016\u20132023","volume":"74","author":"Brown","year":"2025","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026102203474891100_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex267","article-title":"The age of fathers in the USA is rising: an analysis of 168 867 480 births from 1972 to 2015","volume":"32","author":"Khandwala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod."},{"key":"2026102203474891100_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Mean Age of Mother at First Birth, 2023.","author":"Westrick-Payne","DOI":"10.25035\/ncfmr\/fp-25-29"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026102203474891100_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e198340","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.8340","article-title":"Gender disparities in work and parental status among early career physicians","volume":"2","author":"Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102203474891100_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-016-0162-3","article-title":"Factors associated with less-than-full-time working in medical practice: results of surveys of five cohorts of UK doctors, 10\u00a0years after graduation","volume":"14","author":"Lachish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102203474891100_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1732402","article-title":"The effect of electronic health record burden on pediatricians\u2019 work\u2013life balance and career satisfaction","volume":"12","author":"Frintner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform."},{"key":"2026102203474891100_r28","volume-title":"The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home","author":"Hochschild","year":"1989"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102203474891100_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122419859007","article-title":"The cognitive dimension of household labor","volume":"84","author":"Daminger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102203474891100_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-021-01264-z","article-title":"Who is responsible for remembering? Everyday prospective memory demands in parenthood","volume":"86","author":"Harrington","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex Roles."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102203474891100_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.13057","article-title":"A typology of US parents\u2019 mental loads: core and episodic cognitive labor","volume":"87","author":"Weeks","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Marriage Fam."},{"key":"2026102203474891100_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23780231251384527","DOI":"10.1177\/23780231251384527","article-title":"Take a load off? Not for mothers: gender, cognitive labor, and the limits of time and money","volume":"11","author":"Weeks","year":"2025","journal-title":"Socius."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102203474891100_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0868","article-title":"Pediatricians leading the way: integrating a career and a family\/personal life over the life cycle","volume":"117","author":"Shrier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026102203474891100_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1916935","article-title":"Women physicians and promotion in academic medicine","volume":"383","author":"Richter","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026102203474891100_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2125843","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.25843","article-title":"Women\u2019s experiences of promotion and tenure in academic medicine and potential implications for gender disparities in career advancement: a qualitative analysis","volume":"4","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102203474891100_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0267288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267288","article-title":"Domestic tethers: Gender differences in career paths and domestic responsibilities of top-research medical school graduates","volume":"17","author":"Hitti","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102203474891100_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20192149","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2149","article-title":"Women in pediatrics: progress, barriers, and opportunities for equity, diversity, and inclusion","volume":"144","author":"Spector","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026102203474891100_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1913054","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.13054","article-title":"Family leave and return-to-work experiences of physician mothers","volume":"2","author":"Juengst","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102203474891100_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.10.008","article-title":"Challenges and solutions for physician mothers: a critical review of the literature","volume":"96","author":"Chesak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102203474891100_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.22123","article-title":"Parenthood and paychecks\u2014the gender pay gap in medicine","volume":"333","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA."}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2025-075557\/1934933\/pediatrics.2025075557.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2025-075557\/1934933\/pediatrics.2025075557.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:47:55Z","timestamp":1792655275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/158\/1\/e2025075557\/207689\/Number-of-Children-Part-Time-Work-and-Household"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2025-075557","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"article-number":"e2025075557"}}