{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:39:06Z","timestamp":1792658346490,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sepsis is a leading cause of child mortality worldwide, disproportionately affecting children in resource-limited settings (RLSs). Effective risk-stratification tools using readily available data are urgently needed for this population. Therefore, the study objective was to evaluate the performance of point-of-care (POC) biomarkers and clinical characteristics for predicting in-hospital mortality among Tanzanian children with sepsis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a prospective observational cohort study of children (aged 28\u00a0days-14\u00a0years) with sepsis presenting to Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (July 2022-November 2024). POC biomarkers (procalcitonin [PCT], C-reactive protein, ferritin, and lactate) and clinical characteristics were evaluated for their association with mortality. We used the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression to construct predictive models of mortality. We evaluated model performance using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and classification metrics, including sensitivity and specificity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 755 enrolled participants, 19.6% (n\u2009=\u2009148) died during hospitalization. PCT and tested clinical characteristics were significantly associated with mortality (all P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). A multivariable model incorporating PCT, malnutrition, breathing difficulty, and altered mental status demonstrated strong discrimination (AUC 0.87, 95% CI [0.84\u20130.90]), outperforming individual biomarkers and clinical characteristics alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A combined POC biomarker and clinical characteristics model was highly predictive of mortality among children with sepsis in Tanzania. Integrating POC biomarkers with easy-to-measure clinical characteristics associated with severity may enable timely risk stratification and inform targeted interventions to improve pediatric sepsis outcomes in RLSs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2026-076344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T04:01:54Z","timestamp":1777089714000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predicting Mortality in Tanzanian Children With Sepsis Using Point-of-Care Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"Abigail M.","family":"Sorensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raya Y.","family":"Mussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott P.","family":"Oltman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"3Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"4University of California San Francisco, Institute for Global Health Sciences, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erasto M.","family":"Sunzula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria M.","family":"Mlele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia L.","family":"Msemwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lushona K.","family":"Mathias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen S.","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jazmin M. Baez","family":"Maidana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namala P.","family":"Mkopi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneka M.","family":"Hooft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juma A.","family":"Mfinanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel P.","family":"Manyahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendry R.","family":"Sawe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa B.","family":"Kortz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"4University of California San Francisco, Institute for Global Health Sciences, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2026102203524214400_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2013","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00356-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis","volume":"13","author":"Gray","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102203524214400_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190337","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.0337","article-title":"Diseases, injuries, and risk factors in child and adolescent health, 1990 to 2017: findings from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2017 Study","volume":"173","author":"GBD 2017 Child and Adolescent Health Collaborators","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102203524214400_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e212","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00450-9","article-title":"Prevalence, aetiology, and hospital outcomes of paediatric acute critical illness in resource-constrained settings (Global PARITY): a multicentre, international, point prevalence and prospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Kortz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"issue":"10440","key":"2026102203524214400_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00769-4","article-title":"Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","author":"Murray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026102203524214400_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026102203524214400_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1703058","article-title":"Time to treatment and mortality during mandated emergency care for sepsis","volume":"376","author":"Seymour","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102203524214400_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022059938","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-059938","article-title":"Bundled care to reduce sepsis mortality: the Improving Pediatric Sepsis Outcomes (IPSO) Collaborative","volume":"152","author":"Paul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102203524214400_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2157-z","article-title":"The global burden of sepsis: barriers and potential solutions","volume":"22","author":"Rudd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"2026102203524214400_r9","article-title":"Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT) course","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026102203524214400_r10","article-title":"Sepsis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026102203524214400_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022110","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1022110","article-title":"Prognostic factors and models to predict pediatric sepsis mortality: a scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Yuniar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"2026102203524214400_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463986","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1463986","article-title":"Clinical prognostic models in children with sepsis in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Jordan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102203524214400_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-5021-8","article-title":"Prognostic accuracy of age-adapted SOFA, SIRS, PELOD-2, and qSOFA for in-hospital mortality among children with suspected infection admitted to the intensive care unit","volume":"44","author":"Schlapbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102203524214400_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e155","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003675","article-title":"Phoenix sepsis criteria in critically ill children: retrospective validation using a United States nine-center dataset, 2012\u20132018","volume":"26","author":"Sanchez-Pinto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102203524214400_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0935","article-title":"Usefulness of C-reactive protein and other host biomarker point-of-care tests in the assessment of non-malarial acute febrile illnesses: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Bertoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102203524214400_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5852","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27870","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026102203524214400_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1063","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005337","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021","volume":"49","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026102203524214400_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6621","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006621","article-title":"The diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of five markers of serious bacterial infection in Malawian children with signs of severe infection","volume":"4","author":"Carrol","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026102203524214400_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e318298389d","article-title":"Serum lactate as a screening tool and predictor of outcome in pediatric patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected infection","volume":"29","author":"Reed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102203524214400_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00021-X","article-title":"Diagnostic test accuracy of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein for predicting invasive and serious bacterial infections in young febrile infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Norman-Bruce","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health."},{"key":"2026102203524214400_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.09.081","article-title":"Utility of specific laboratory biomarkers to predict severe sepsis in pediatric patients with SIRS","volume":"50","author":"Byler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102203524214400_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0324980","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324980","article-title":"Serum procalcitonin and procalcitonin clearance as a prognostic biomarker of sepsis in a pediatric critical care setting: a tertiary care experience 2016\u20132021","volume":"20","author":"Uppala","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102203524214400_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001029","article-title":"A systemic inflammation mortality risk assessment contingency table for severe sepsis","volume":"18","author":"Carcillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102203524214400_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30519-9","article-title":"A host-protein based assay to differentiate between bacterial and viral infections in preschool children (OPPORTUNITY): a double-blind, multicentre, validation study","volume":"17","author":"van Houten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026102203524214400_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.15028","article-title":"Early lactate measurements for predicting in-hospital mortality in paediatric sepsis","volume":"56","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102203524214400_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/1751143719855202","article-title":"Lactate clearance prognosticates outcome in pediatric septic shock during first 24\u2009h of intensive care unit admission","volume":"20","author":"Nazir","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102203524214400_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066620903231","article-title":"Lactate measurements and their association with mortality in pediatric severe sepsis in India: evidence that 6-hour level performs best","volume":"36","author":"Alam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026102203524214400_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001021","article-title":"Evaluation of the association of early elevated lactate with outcomes in children with severe sepsis or septic shock","volume":"35","author":"Gorgis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102203524214400_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4103\/JETS.JETS_103_16","article-title":"Lactate clearance as the predictor of outcome in pediatric septic shock","volume":"10","author":"Choudhary","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Emerg Trauma Shock."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102203524214400_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4103\/JPCC.JPCC_112_20","article-title":"Can serum ferritin be employed as prognostic marker of pediatric septic shock and severe sepsis?","volume":"8","author":"Sarkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Crit Care."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102203524214400_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-05200-4","article-title":"Relationship between lactate levels and 28-day mortality in pediatric sepsis: results from the pediatric intensive care database","volume":"24","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026102203524214400_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxx031","article-title":"Hyperferritinemia and inflammation","volume":"29","author":"Kernan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102203524214400_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e259","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002273","article-title":"Prediction of poor outcomes for septic children according to ferritin levels in a middle-income setting","volume":"21","author":"Tonial","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026102203524214400_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000004916","article-title":"Serum ferritin levels in critically ill children with severe sepsis and their relationship with mortality: a prospective observational study (FerriPedS Study)","volume":"44","author":"Pai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102203524214400_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf336","article-title":"Reassessing procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy in critically ill patients with sepsis: lessons from the ADAPT-Sepsis trial","volume":"82","author":"Gupta","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026102203524214400_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa260","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa260","article-title":"Point-of-care biomarkers to guide antibiotic prescription for acute febrile illness in sub-Saharan Africa: promises and caveats","volume":"7","author":"van Griensven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102203524214400_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03503-y","article-title":"Predictors and outcome of time to presentation among critically ill paediatric patients at Emergency Department of Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"22","author":"Simbila","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"2026102203524214400_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00278","article-title":"Clinical presentation and outcomes among children with sepsis presenting to a public tertiary hospital in Tanzania","volume":"5","author":"Kortz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"2026102203524214400_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764163","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.764163","article-title":"Delayed presentation and mortality in children with sepsis in a public tertiary care hospital in Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"2026102203524214400_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30121-3","article-title":"Surviving paediatric sepsis in Tanzania: a prospective cohort study to identify risk factors","volume":"5","author":"Kortz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"2026102203524214400_r41","volume-title":"Handbook IMCI: Integrated Management of Childhood Illness","author":"World Health Organization Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102203524214400_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e528","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00496-0","article-title":"Reducing global inequities in medical oxygen access: the Lancet Global Health Commission on medical oxygen security","volume":"13","author":"Graham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"2026102203524214400_r43","volume-title":"Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT): Manual for Participants","author":"Organization","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102203524214400_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549009027046","article-title":"Rotavirus disease in Finnish children: use of numerical scores for clinical severity of diarrhoeal episodes","volume":"22","author":"Ruuska","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102203524214400_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0522","article-title":"Prospective genomic surveillance of severe febrile illness in Tanzanian children identifies high mortality and resistance to first-line antibiotics in bloodstream infections","volume":"114","author":"Kortz","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102203524214400_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-025-06282-4","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological characteristics of bacteremia in pediatric intensive care unit: a retrospective analytical observational study","volume":"25","author":"Shan","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102203524214400_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2013a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026102203524214400_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"147","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026102203524214400_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1086\/648409","article-title":"The Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 Organ Dysfunction Score (LODS) is a simple clinical predictor of fatal malaria in African children","volume":"200","author":"Helbok","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"issue":"7385","key":"2026102203524214400_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7385.361","article-title":"Prognostic indicators of early and late death in children admitted to district hospital in Kenya: cohort study","volume":"326","author":"Berkley","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"2026102203524214400_r51","volume-title":"Guideline: Assessing and Managing Children at Primary Health-Care Facilities to Prevent Overweight and Obesity in the Context of the Double Burden of Malnutrition: Updates for the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102203524214400_r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.7748\/paed.17.1.32.s27","article-title":"Detecting and managing deterioration in children","volume":"17","author":"Monaghan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Paediatr Nurs."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026102203524214400_r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00286-8","article-title":"The epidemiology of sepsis in paediatric intensive care units in Brazil (the Sepsis PREvalence Assessment Database in Pediatric population, SPREAD PED): an observational study","volume":"5","author":"de Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102203524214400_r54","first-page":"204","article-title":"Triage score for severity of illness","volume":"40","author":"Kumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102203524214400_r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003451","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003451","article-title":"Predictors of disease severity in children presenting from the community with febrile illnesses: a systematic review of prognostic studies","volume":"6","author":"Chandna","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102203524214400_r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0407-3","article-title":"Predicting mortality in sick African children: the FEAST Paediatric Emergency Triage (PET) Score","volume":"13","author":"George","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102203524214400_r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2411-8","article-title":"Mortality impact of an increased blood glucose cut-off level for hypoglycaemia treatment in severely sick children in Malawi (SugarFACT trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trials."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102203524214400_r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-36-35","article-title":"Validation of \u201cSigns of Inflammation in Children that Kill\u201d (SICK) score for immediate non-invasive assessment of severity of illness","volume":"36","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102203524214400_r59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001627","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2022-001627","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic value of four biomarkers in detecting neonatal sepsis in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"7","author":"Rees","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102203524214400_r60","first-page":"819034","article-title":"Procalcitonin clearance for early prediction of survival in critically ill patients with severe sepsis","volume":"2014","author":"Mat Nor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Res Pract."},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"2026102203524214400_r61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S193","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu653","article-title":"The MAL-ED study: a multinational and multidisciplinary approach to understand the relationship between enteric pathogens, malnutrition, gut physiology, physical growth, cognitive development, and immune responses in infants and children up to 2\u00a0years of age in resource-poor environments","volume":"59","author":"Acosta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102203524214400_r62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae540","article-title":"The ABCDs of nutritional assessment in infectious diseases research","volume":"231","author":"Locks","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102203524214400_r63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8041174","article-title":"Malnutrition and gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in children: a public health problem","volume":"8","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026102203524214400_r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2322494","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.22494","article-title":"Causes of death among infants and children in the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) network","volume":"6","author":"Bassat","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026102203524214400_r65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017262","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-017262","article-title":"Contribution of malnutrition to infant and child deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia","volume":"9","author":"Madewell","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026102203524214400_r66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(25)00183-X","article-title":"Risk stratification of childhood infection using host markers of immune and endothelial activation in Asia (Spot Sepsis): a multi-country, prospective, cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Chandna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health."},{"issue":"6832","key":"2026102203524214400_r67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1038\/35074114","article-title":"TREM-1 amplifies inflammation and is a crucial mediator of septic shock","volume":"410","author":"Bouchon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102203524214400_r68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6832","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27215-6","article-title":"Risk-stratification of febrile African children at risk of sepsis using sTREM-1 as basis for a rapid triage test","volume":"12","author":"Leligdowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026102203524214400_r69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1886","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006796","article-title":"The sepsis chain of survival: a comprehensive framework for improving sepsis outcomes","volume":"53","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102203524214400_r70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.4839","article-title":"Global case-fatality rates in pediatric severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"173","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026102203524214400_r71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2026.3100","article-title":"National estimates of pediatric sepsis in US hospitals using clinical data","volume":"335","author":"Rhee","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102203524214400_r72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2017.1398503","article-title":"The inter-rater reliability and prognostic value of coma scales in Nepali children with acute encephalitis syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Ray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health."}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2026-076344\/1939251\/pediatrics.2026076344.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2026-076344\/1939251\/pediatrics.2026076344.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:52:56Z","timestamp":1792655576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/158\/1\/e2026076344\/207285\/Predicting-Mortality-in-Tanzanian-Children-With"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2026-076344","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"article-number":"e2026076344"}}