{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T13:26:15Z","timestamp":1794317175634,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines whether and how caregiver mental health symptoms influence the impacts of a center-based parenting intervention on child development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a clustered randomized controlled trial across 100 rural villages in China between 2016 and 2019. Villages were randomly assigned to a treatment group that received weekly 1-on-1 parenting sessions through parenting centers or to a pure comparison group. A total of 2554 caregiver\u2013child dyads with children aged 6 to 24\u00a0months were surveyed at baseline, and 2044 completed the endline survey after 1 year (follow-up rate: 80.0%). Child development was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Third Edition. Caregiver mental health was measured using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21. Ordinary least squares regressions with interaction terms were used for analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The intervention significantly improved cognitive (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.17 SD; 95% CI 0.045\u20130.29) and language development (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.10 SD; 95% CI 0.00\u20130.21) among children whose caregivers did not exhibit depressive symptoms at baseline. Positive cognitive effects were also observed among children of caregivers with low anxiety (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.13 SD; 95% CI 0.00\u20130.26) or low stress (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.15 SD; 95% CI 0.03\u20130.27). In contrast, no significant effects were detected across developmental domains among children whose caregivers exhibited mental health symptoms. Heterogeneous impacts were driven by differences in stimulating parenting practices rather than program attendance or parenting beliefs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The intervention primarily benefited children whose caregivers had no baseline mental health symptoms, suggesting caregiver mental health moderates intervention effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2026-076649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:03:06Z","timestamp":1791849786000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of Caregiver Mental Health and a Childhood Parenting Intervention in China"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Research Institute of Economics and Management, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boya","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Stanford Center on China\u2019s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Rozelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Stanford Center on China\u2019s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"Fernald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 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