{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:53:29Z","timestamp":1791204809881,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate diagnosis is essential to appropriate care. Although urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in children, there is no gold standard for its diagnosis. During the American Academy of Pediatrics\u2019 revision of its Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection in Children from Eight Days to Five Years of Age, the Guideline panel established a revised UTI definition through an iterative discussion process. This article details the rationale behind those revisions. The definition of UTI is based in three domains: symptoms, signs of inflammation, and culture results. The panel focused the revision of the definition in the domains of inflammation and culture results. Although there is controversy in the literature regarding the inclusion of pyuria in the definition of UTI, current literature also supports that, in most clinical scenarios, pyuria is present in a UTI and should be included as a diagnostic criterion. Thus, the panel agreed that the UTI definition should include pyuria as a diagnostic criterion, and identified separate thresholds based on age and whether urine cultures results are available or pending. The other major domain where the panel closely examined the evidence was culture results. In accordance with the updated literature base, the panel modified the definition for positive culture on the basis of age and method of urine collection. The panel\u2019s goal in developing the new UTI definition was to use currently available evidence to optimize management of children with UTI by avoiding overdiagnosis and overtreatment, while minimizing the number of missed diagnoses and delaying treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2026-078566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:02:16Z","timestamp":1790553736000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis\u2014A Companion to the American Academy of Pediatrics\u2019 2026 Clinical Practice Guideline on the Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Tract Infection: Technical Report"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"Catherine S.","family":"Forster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caleb","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Urology, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana","family":"El Feghaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Division of Infectious Diseases, Children\u2019s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri"},{"name":"4Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Hains","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamil","family":"Nazzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Evidence-Based Practice and Impact Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Senerth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Evidence Foundation, Cleveland Heights, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem A.","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Evidence-Based Practice and Impact Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas"},{"name":"7Evidence Foundation, Cleveland Heights, Ohio"},{"name":"8Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas"},{"name":"9Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Evidence Foundation, Cleveland Heights, Ohio"},{"name":"9Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"10Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Alverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"11Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026100508171320600_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1330","article-title":"Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months","volume":"128","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100508171320600_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20163026","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3026","article-title":"Reaffirmation of AAP Clinical Practice Guideline: The Diagnosis and Management of the Initial Urinary Tract Infection in Febrile Infants and Young Children 2\u201324 Months of Age","volume":"138","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2026100508171320600_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2026-078565","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection in Children from Eight Days to Five Years of Age","author":"Alverson","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2026100508171320600_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.10.019","article-title":"Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Children: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"217","author":"Shaikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100508171320600_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021052228","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-052228","article-title":"Evaluation and Management of Well-Appearing Febrile Infants 8 to 60\u00a0Days Old","volume":"148","author":"Pantell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100508171320600_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.0700","article-title":"Reassessment of the Role of Race in Calculating the Risk for Urinary Tract Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"176","author":"Shaikh","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100508171320600_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81531-8","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile infants","volume":"123","author":"Hoberman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100508171320600_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20173068","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3068","article-title":"Accuracy of the Urinalysis for Urinary Tract Infections in Febrile Infants 60\u00a0Days and Younger","volume":"141","author":"Tzimenatos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"apr19 2","key":"2026100508171320600_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c1594","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c1594","article-title":"The accuracy of clinical symptoms and signs for the diagnosis of serious bacterial infection in young febrile children: prospective cohort study of 15 781 febrile illnesses","volume":"340","author":"Craig","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100508171320600_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.5.846","article-title":"Jaundice as an early diagnostic sign of urinary tract infection in infancy","volume":"109","author":"Garcia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"252","key":"2026100508171320600_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.47.252.218","article-title":"66 infants with urinary tract infection in first month of life","volume":"47","author":"Littlewood","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100508171320600_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2019.10.003","article-title":"Diagnosis and imaging of neonatal UTIs","volume":"61","author":"Walawender","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100508171320600_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01502.x","article-title":"Incidence rate of first-time symptomatic urinary tract infection in children under 6 years of age","volume":"87","author":"M\u00e5rild","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100508171320600_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32160","DOI":"10.34172\/jrip.2023.32160","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood","volume":"12","author":"Jamshidbeigi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Renal Inj Prev."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100508171320600_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e324","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12992","article-title":"Incidence and morbidity of urinary tract infection in a prospective cohort of children","volume":"104","author":"Ladomenou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100508171320600_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.11.114","article-title":"Circumcision and lifetime risk of urinary tract infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"189","author":"Morris","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100508171320600_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.07.003","article-title":"Effect of confounding in the association between circumcision status and urinary tract infection","volume":"51","author":"Van Howe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100508171320600_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3182037c20","article-title":"Risk factors for contamination of catheterized urine specimens in febrile children","volume":"27","author":"Wingerter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100508171320600_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01060-4","article-title":"Urinary tract infection at the age extremes: pediatrics and geriatrics","volume":"113","author":"Shortliffe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100508171320600_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2300161","article-title":"Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Infants with Grade III, IV, or V Vesicoureteral Reflux","volume":"389","author":"Morello","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100508171320600_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2022.03.027","article-title":"Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis in isolated prenatal hydronephrosis","volume":"18","author":"Chamberlin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100508171320600_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.09.001","article-title":"Risk of urinary tract infection in patients with hydroureter: An analysis from the Society of Fetal Urology Prenatal Hydronephrosis Registry","volume":"17","author":"Holzman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100508171320600_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0409","article-title":"Risk Factors for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection and Renal Scarring","volume":"136","author":"Keren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2026100508171320600_r24","article-title":"Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Children With Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction","volume-title":"Pediatrics.","author":"Shaikh","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100508171320600_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2026078568","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2026-078568","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevention and management of pediatric urinary tract infection and suspected urinary tract infection: Technical report","volume":"158","author":"AlShenaiber","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026100508171320600_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1981.03310410031022","article-title":"Rapid detection of pyuria by leukocyte esterase activity","volume":"245","author":"Kusumi","year":"1981","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100508171320600_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2017-1159","article-title":"Quantitative urine test strip reading for leukocyte esterase and hemoglobin peroxidase","volume":"56","author":"Oyaert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med."},{"issue":"766","key":"2026100508171320600_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadh5090","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adh5090","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps protect the kidney from ascending infection and are required for a positive leukocyte dipstick test","volume":"16","author":"Stewart","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100508171320600_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.9.1384","article-title":"Stability of common analytes in urine refrigerated for 24 h before automated analysis by test strips","volume":"46","author":"Froom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100508171320600_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.02.020","article-title":"Abnormal urinalysis results are common, regardless of specimen collection technique, in women without urinary tract infections","volume":"48","author":"Frazee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Emerg Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100508171320600_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.159.10.915","article-title":"Choice of urine collection methods for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in young, febrile infants","volume":"159","author":"Schroeder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100508171320600_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.5.e54","article-title":"Screening tests for urinary tract infection in children: A meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Gorelick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"8 Pt 1","key":"2026100508171320600_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.8.1780","article-title":"Determination of nitrite and nitrate in stored urine","volume":"44","author":"Moshage","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100508171320600_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1410052","article-title":"Sterile pyuria","volume":"372","author":"Wise","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100508171320600_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0019924","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00199-24","article-title":"Function and contribution of two putative Enterococcus faecalis glycosaminoglycan degrading enzymes to bacteremia and catheter-associated urinary tract infection","volume":"92","author":"Johnson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100508171320600_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20173006","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3006","article-title":"Uropathogens and Pyuria in Children With Neurogenic Bladders","volume":"141","author":"Forster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100508171320600_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20160087","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0087","article-title":"Association Between Uropathogen and Pyuria","volume":"138","author":"Shaikh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100508171320600_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0012","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the urinalysis for urinary tract infection in infants &lt;3 months of age","volume":"135","author":"Schroeder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100508171320600_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2021-006479","article-title":"Impact of Early Oral Antibiotic Therapy in Infants With Bacteremic Urinary Tract Infections","volume":"12","author":"Olson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hosp Pediatr."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100508171320600_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199604000-00005","article-title":"Is urine culture necessary to rule out urinary tract infection in young febrile children?","volume":"15","author":"Hoberman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100508171320600_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-010-0431-5","article-title":"Diagnostic role of initial renal cortical scintigraphy in children with the first episode of acute pyelonephritis","volume":"25","author":"Jaksic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100508171320600_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-005-1925-6","article-title":"Evaluation of acute pyelonephritis with DMSA scans in children presenting after the age of 5 years","volume":"20","author":"Ataei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100508171320600_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00463.x","article-title":"Risk factors in the development of early technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy lesions during first urinary tract infection in children","volume":"92","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Men\u00e9ndez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100508171320600_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20153023","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3023","article-title":"Two-Step Process for ED UTI Screening in Febrile Young Children: Reducing Catheterization Rates","volume":"138","author":"Lavelle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100508171320600_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2022.02.025","article-title":"A Child\u2019s urine is not sterile: A pilot study evaluating the Pediatric Urinary Microbiome","volume":"18","author":"Storm","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100508171320600_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190467","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-0467","article-title":"Urine Specific Gravity and the Accuracy of Urinalysis","volume":"144","author":"Shaikh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100508171320600_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00044-16","article-title":"The Clinical Urine Culture: Enhanced Techniques Improve Detection of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms","volume":"54","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"2026100508171320600_r48","first-page":"56","article-title":"Asymptomatic infections of the urinary tract","volume":"69","author":"Kass","year":"1956","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Am Physicians."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100508171320600_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198207000-00018","article-title":"Recurrent urinary tract infections in children","volume":"1","author":"Hellerstein","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis."},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"2026100508171320600_r50","first-page":"843","article-title":"Practice parameter: the diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children","volume":"103","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Quality Improvement. Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100508171320600_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83127-0","article-title":"Pyuria and bacteriuria in urine specimens obtained by catheter from young children with fever","volume":"124","author":"Hoberman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"2026100508171320600_r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.08.012","article-title":"What Urinary Colony Count Indicates a Urinary Tract Infection in Children?","volume":"191","author":"Primack","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100508171320600_r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14116","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014116","article-title":"Characteristic male urine microbiomes associate with asymptomatic sexually transmitted infection","volume":"5","author":"Nelson","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100508171320600_r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05852-11","article-title":"Evidence of uncultivated bacteria in the adult female bladder","volume":"50","author":"Wolfe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100508171320600_r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023061931","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-061931","article-title":"Support for the Use of a New Cutoff to Define a Positive Urine Culture in Young Children","volume":"152","author":"Shaikh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100508171320600_r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001225","article-title":"Comparison of Febrile Infants With Enterococcal and Gram-negative Urinary Tract Infections","volume":"35","author":"Lubell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"2026100508171320600_r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2023.113394","article-title":"Accuracy of NGAL as a Biomarker for Urinary Tract Infection in Young Febrile Children: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis","volume":"258","author":"Forster","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100508171320600_r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-019-04403-7","article-title":"Biomarkers that differentiate false positive urinalyses from true urinary tract infection","volume":"35","author":"Shaikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100508171320600_r59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20171090","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1090","article-title":"Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin for the Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infections","volume":"140","author":"Lubell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100508171320600_r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-017-1100-6","article-title":"Evaluation and management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria: an updated review","volume":"46","author":"Karakonstantis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infection."}],"container-title":["Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2026-078566\/1971216\/pediatrics.2026078566.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1542\/peds.2026-078566\/1971216\/pediatrics.2026078566.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:17:28Z","timestamp":1791202648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatrics\/article\/158\/4\/e2026078566\/209462\/Urinary-Tract-Infection-Diagnosis-A-Companion-to"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2026-078566","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-4005","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-4275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"article-number":"e2026078566"}}