{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:43:51Z","timestamp":1778575431865,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) occurs frequently in infants, generally at its worst at 4 months of age, with approximately two-thirds of infants spitting up daily. GER typically improves after 7 months of age, with only \u223c5% of infants continuing to have reflux at 1 year of age. The diagnosis can often be made based on clinical symptoms. Upper GI (UGI) study has low sensitivity and specificity and should not be ordered as a diagnostic test for reflux. UGI study is best for evaluating other anatomic causes of vomiting. GER becomes problematic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) when complications are present, including feeding difficulties and poor weight gain. Conservative treatment and thickened formula can be helpful for treating GERD. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are frequently prescribed for treating reflux. However, studies do not show a definite benefit in infants, and there are potential side effects. Older children with GERD may present with regurgitation, heartburn, chest discomfort, dysphagia, abdominal pain, vomiting, poor appetite, or poor weight gain. Upper endoscopy is considered for children with concerning symptoms, persistent symptoms despite treatment, and relapse of symptoms after treatment. Other esophageal disorders can have a similar clinical presentation as GERD, notably eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). EoE is a chronic immune-mediated disorder of the esophagus, which may present as dysphagia, food impaction, heartburn, vomiting, abdominal pain, feeding difficulties, or failure to thrive. Diagnosis is made histologically by the presence of esophageal eosinophilia on endoscopic biopsies in the correct clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2017-0266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T08:25:45Z","timestamp":1533111945000},"page":"392-402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Pediatric Esophageal Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment of Reflux and Eosinophilic Esophagitis"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Tonya","family":"Adamiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Sanford Children\u2019s Hospital, Sioux Falls, SD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen Francolla","family":"Plati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Mercy Medical Center, Des Moines, IA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903284817600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1997.02170430035007","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux during infancy. A pediatric practice-based survey","volume":"151","author":"Nelson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903284817600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.6.1061","article-title":"Natural history and familial relationships of infant spilling to 9 years of age","volume":"109","author":"Martin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120903284817600_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.8.1085","article-title":"Genetic influences in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a twin study","volume":"52","author":"Mohammed","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903284817600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200205000-00005","article-title":"Genetics of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a review","volume":"34","author":"Orenstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903284817600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90572-4","article-title":"Gastric distention: a mechanism for postprandial gastroesophageal reflux","volume":"89","author":"Holloway","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2021120903284817600_B6","first-page":"44","article-title":"Pathophysiology of GERD: lower esophageal sphincter defects","volume":"28","author":"Mitre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pract Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021120903284817600_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00291-0","article-title":"Esophageal body motor response to reflux events: secondary peristalsis","volume":"108","author":"Holloway","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903284817600_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181b7f563","article-title":"Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux clinical practice guidelines: joint recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN)","volume":"49","author":"Vandenplas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903284817600_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00207-5","article-title":"Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of omeprazole in irritable infants with gastroesophageal reflux","volume":"143","author":"Moore","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7728","key":"2021120903284817600_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)92770-X","article-title":"Neurological basis for the abnormal movements in Sandifer\u2019s syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Webb","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120903284817600_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.64.9.1311","article-title":"Effect of dystonic movements on oesophageal peristalsis in Sandifer\u2019s syndrome","volume":"64","author":"Puntis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903284817600_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000173603.77388.84","article-title":"Testing the association between gastroesophageal reflux and apnea in infants","volume":"41","author":"Mousa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903284817600_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001889","article-title":"Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Clinical Practice Guidelines: Joint Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition","volume":"66","author":"Rosen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903284817600_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.76.3.254","article-title":"Posture and gastro-oesophageal reflux: a case for left lateral positioning","volume":"76","author":"Tobin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"13","key":"2021120903284817600_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198309293091304","article-title":"The infant seat as treatment for gastroesophageal reflux","volume":"309","author":"Orenstein","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903284817600_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1268","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1900","article-title":"The effect of thickened-feed interventions on gastroesophageal reflux in infants: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials","volume":"122","author":"Horvath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903284817600_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.03.054","article-title":"Late onset necrotizing enterocolitis in infants following use of a xanthan gum-containing thickening agent","volume":"161","author":"Beal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903284817600_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.87.2.148","article-title":"Elevated plasma aluminum levels in normal infants receiving antacids containing aluminum","volume":"87","author":"Tsou","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903284817600_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528809093923","article-title":"Omeprazole or ranitidine in the treatment of reflux esophagitis. Results of a double-blind, randomized, Scandinavian multicenter study","volume":"23","author":"Sandmark","year":"1988","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903284817600_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v5.i2.57","article-title":"Histamine2-receptor antagonists: rapid development of tachyphylaxis with repeat dosing","volume":"5","author":"McRorie","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903284817600_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80027-6","article-title":"Tolerance to intravenous ranitidine","volume":"110","author":"Hyman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903284817600_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31812e0149","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor utilization patterns in infants","volume":"45","author":"Barron","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903284817600_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31815667d7","article-title":"Clinical response to 2 dosing regimens of lansoprazole in infants with gastroesophageal reflux","volume":"46","author":"Khoshoo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"23 suppl 4","key":"2021120903284817600_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/56.suppl_4.S11","article-title":"Safety profile of the proton-pump inhibitors","volume":"56","author":"Reilly","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903284817600_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318148c17c","article-title":"Safety and symptom improvement with esomeprazole in adolescents with gastroesophageal reflux disease","volume":"45","author":"Gold","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"2021120903284817600_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S300","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200211004-00002","article-title":"Safety of lansoprazole in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children","volume":"35","author":"Tolia","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120903284817600_B27","first-page":"1749","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of lansoprazole in the treatment of erosive reflux esophagitis","volume":"91","author":"Castell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903284817600_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.09.054","article-title":"Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole in infants with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease","volume":"154","author":"Orenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903284817600_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e817","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1655","article-title":"Therapy with gastric acidity inhibitors increases the risk of acute gastroenteritis and community-acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"117","author":"Canani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120903284817600_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.28.8.951","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of hip fractures in patients without major risk factors","volume":"28","author":"Kaye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903284817600_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2016.0284","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor use for 12 months is not associated with changes in serum magnesium levels: a prospective open label comparative study","volume":"28","author":"Bahtiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903284817600_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.452","article-title":"Proton-pump inhibitor use is associated with low serum magnesium concentrations","volume":"83","author":"Danziger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120903284817600_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1589-y","article-title":"Association between proton pump inhibitor use and anemia: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Sarzynski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903284817600_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.11.023","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor and histamine-2 receptor antagonist use and iron deficiency","volume":"152","author":"Lam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903284817600_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2664","article-title":"Metoclopramide for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants: a systematic review","volume":"118","author":"Hibbs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120903284817600_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.143.9.873","article-title":"Long-term antireflux medication use following pediatric Nissen fundoplication","volume":"143","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903284817600_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.154.2.150","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux during childhood: a pediatric practice-based survey","volume":"154","author":"Nelson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120903284817600_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.65.11.1255","article-title":"Bronchial asthma and acid reflux into the distal and proximal oesophagus","volume":"65","author":"Gustafsson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903284817600_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.4.1008","article-title":"Role of gastroesophageal reflux in older children with persistent asthma","volume":"123","author":"Khoshoo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903284817600_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00439246","article-title":"Prevalence and treatment of silent gastro-oesophageal reflux in children with recurrent respiratory disorders","volume":"145","author":"Buts","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903284817600_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.11.036","article-title":"Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: exploring the relationship","volume":"146","author":"Gold","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120903284817600_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00844.x","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor therapy for suspected GERD-related chronic laryngitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"101","author":"Qadeer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903284817600_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.29545","article-title":"Extraesophageal associations of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children without neurologic defects","volume":"121","author":"El-Serag","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120903284817600_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.126.7.831","article-title":"Gastroesophageal reflux contributing to chronic sinus disease in children: a prospective analysis","volume":"126","author":"Phipps","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903284817600_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0909-8836.1998.eos106302.x","article-title":"Gastroesophageal reflux in children and its relationship to erosion of primary and permanent teeth","volume":"106","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903284817600_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4809560","article-title":"The prevalence of tooth wear in a cluster sample of adolescent schoolchildren and its relationship with potential explanatory factors","volume":"184","author":"Bartlett","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903284817600_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.01.001","article-title":"Dyspeptic symptoms in children: the result of a constipation-induced cologastric brake?","volume":"6","author":"Boccia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903284817600_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280404300507","article-title":"Recurrent vomiting and persistent gastroesophageal reflux caused by unrecognized constipation","volume":"43","author":"Borowitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903284817600_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.00902.x","article-title":"Walking and chewing reduce postprandial acid reflux","volume":"15","author":"Avidan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120903284817600_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940111001206","article-title":"Effects of gum chewing on pharyngeal and esophageal pH","volume":"110","author":"Smoak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120903284817600_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508401118","article-title":"The effect of chewing sugar-free gum on gastro-esophageal reflux","volume":"84","author":"Moazzez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903284817600_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.02.040","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis: updated consensus recommendations for children and adults","volume":"128","author":"Liacouras","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903284817600_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(78)90710-2","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis in a patient with vigorous achalasia","volume":"74","author":"Landres","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903284817600_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00975664","article-title":"Esophageal involvement in eosinophilic gastroenteritis","volume":"13","author":"Matzinger","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903284817600_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31817c0399","article-title":"Childhood esophagitis: then and now","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903284817600_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318291fee2","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in children","volume":"57","author":"Soon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903284817600_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.08.017","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: a systematic review and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"133","author":"Furuta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903284817600_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.10.042","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of eosinophilic esophagitis in 2 ethnically distinct pediatric populations","volume":"133","author":"Gill","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903284817600_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.07.021","article-title":"Twin and family studies reveal strong environmental and weaker genetic cues explaining heritability of eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"134","author":"Alexander","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120903284817600_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(05)00885-2","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis: a 10-year experience in 381 children","volume":"3","author":"Liacouras","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903284817600_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000212639.52359.f1","article-title":"Distinguishing eosinophilic esophagitis in pediatric patients: clinical, endoscopic, and histologic features of an emerging disorder","volume":"41","author":"Aceves","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903284817600_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001245","article-title":"Correlation between aeroallergen levels and new diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis in New York City","volume":"64","author":"Fahey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903284817600_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.547","article-title":"Common variants at 5q22 associate with pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"42","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120903284817600_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3033","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis of eosinophilic esophagitis provides insight into the tissue specificity of this allergic disease","volume":"46","author":"Kottyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2021120903284817600_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5593","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6593","article-title":"GWAS identifies four novel eosinophilic esophagitis loci","volume":"5","author":"Sleiman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903284817600_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2003.07.007","article-title":"Intratracheal IL-13 induces eosinophilic esophagitis by an IL-5, eotaxin-1, and STAT6-dependent mechanism","volume":"125","author":"Mishra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903284817600_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.02073.x","article-title":"The spectrum of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis beyond infancy: a clinical series of 30 children","volume":"95","author":"Orenstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903284817600_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.08.043","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of proton pump inhibitor-responsive esophageal eosinophilia reveals proton pump inhibitor-reversible allergic inflammation","volume":"135","author":"Wen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2021120903284817600_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.11.026","article-title":"Adrenal Insufficiency after Chronic Swallowed Glucocorticoid Therapy for Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"170","author":"Golekoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903284817600_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000848","article-title":"Adrenal Suppression in Children Treated With Oral Viscous Budesonide for Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"61","author":"Harel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903284817600_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.08.033","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluticasone propionate for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"131","author":"Konikoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120903284817600_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00240-X","article-title":"Clinical and immunopathologic effects of swallowed fluticasone for eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"2","author":"Noel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120903284817600_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01379.x","article-title":"Oral viscous budesonide: a potential new therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis in children","volume":"102","author":"Aceves","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903284817600_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.05.001","article-title":"Oral viscous budesonide is effective in children with eosinophilic esophagitis in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"139","author":"Dohil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903284817600_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2005.07.049","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults: clinical, endoscopic, histologic findings, and response to treatment with fluticasone propionate","volume":"63","author":"Remedios","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903284817600_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181788282","article-title":"14 years of eosinophilic esophagitis: clinical features and prognosis","volume":"48","author":"Spergel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903284817600_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90637-1","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis attributed to gastroesophageal reflux: improvement with an amino acid-based formula","volume":"109","author":"Kelly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903284817600_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31821cf503","article-title":"Identification of specific foods responsible for inflammation in children with eosinophilic esophagitis successfully treated with empiric elimination diet","volume":"53","author":"Kagalwalla","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903284817600_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.05.021","article-title":"Identification of causative foods in children with eosinophilic esophagitis treated with an elimination diet","volume":"130","author":"Spergel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903284817600_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)61151-9","article-title":"Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis with specific food elimination diet directed by a combination of skin prick and patch tests","volume":"95","author":"Spergel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"2021120903284817600_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S-30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(15)30103-7","article-title":"A multicenter study assessing for the clinical, endoscopic, and histologic response to four food elimination diet for the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"148","author":"Kagalwalla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2021120903284817600_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365\u20131372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.08.038","article-title":"Step-up emipiric elimination diet for pediatric and adult eosinophilic esophagitis: the 2-4-6 study","volume":"141","author":"Molina-Infante","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2021120903284817600_B83","first-page":"105","article-title":"Toxic and traumatic injury of the esophagus","volume-title":"Walker\u2019s Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease.","author":"Mas","year":"2008","edition":"5th ed."}],"container-title":["Pediatrics In Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatricsinreview\/article-pdf\/39\/8\/392\/828162\/pedsinreview_20170266.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatricsinreview\/article-pdf\/39\/8\/392\/828162\/pedsinreview_20170266.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T15:12:40Z","timestamp":1661699560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatricsinreview\/article\/39\/8\/392\/31956\/Pediatric-Esophageal-Disorders-Diagnosis-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/pir.2017-0266","relation":{},"ISSN":["0191-9601","1526-3347"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0191-9601","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-3347","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]}}}