{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:55:52Z","timestamp":1778720152495,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Adolescent substance abuse remains common, with almost a third of adolescents admitting to ethanol use, and a quarter admitting to illicit drug use. It is essential for pediatricians to regularly screen adolescent patients for substance use, because early initiation of drug use has been associated with physical, behavioral, and social health risks. Adolescents abuse what is common and readily available; this includes ethanol, over-the-counter products, marijuana, and inhalants. The most common and effective clinical treatments for significant toxicity from substances of abuse is symptomatic and supportive care including hemodynamic support, respiratory support, and sedation to control psychomotor agitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2017-0267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T08:25:45Z","timestamp":1533111945000},"page":"403-414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Common Substances of Abuse"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"George Sam","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Emergency Medicine and Medical Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children\u2019s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health Hospital, Denver, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hoyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health Hospital, Denver, CO"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine and Medical Toxicology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, University Hospital, Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120903290453700_B1","unstructured":"NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse. Principles of adolescent substance use disorder treatment. a research-based guide. https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/publications\/principles-adolescent-substance-use-disorder-treatment-research-based-guide\/introduction. Accessed May 15, 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1191-0","article-title":"Age of onset of substance use and psychosocial problems among individuals with substance use disorders","volume":"17","author":"Poudel","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120903290453700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1205","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m09894","article-title":"Crack cocaine use in adolescents: clinical characteristics and predictors of early initiation","volume":"77","author":"Pianca","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B4","article-title":"Marijuana admissions to substance abuse treatment aged 18 to 30: early vs. adult initiation","volume-title":"The CBHSQ Report","author":"Strashny","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B5","article-title":"Age of substance use initiation among treatment admissions aged 18 to 30","volume-title":"In: The CBHSQ Report","author":"Strashny","year":"2013"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2015.1126745","article-title":"Alcohol expectancies mediate the relationship between age of first intoxication and drinking outcomes in college binge drinkers","volume":"51","author":"Stamates","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2015.1110169","article-title":"Long-term prevalence and demographic trends in U.S. adolescent inhalant use: implications for clinicians and prevention scientists","volume":"51","author":"Halliburton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2016.77.113","article-title":"The relationships of cigarette and alcohol use with the initiation, reinitiation, and persistence of cannabis use","volume":"77","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.04.071","article-title":"Nonmedical prescription opioid use in childhood and early adolescence predicts transitions to heroin use in young adulthood: a national study","volume":"167","author":"Cerd\u00e1","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2014.995332","article-title":"Adolescent initiation of cannabis use and early-onset psychosis","volume":"36","author":"Bagot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.771","article-title":"Depressive symptoms, negative urgency and substance use initiation in adolescents","volume":"144","author":"Pang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2011.72.763","article-title":"Men\u2019s and women\u2019s pathways to adulthood and associated substance misuse","volume":"72","author":"Oesterle","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B13","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ten leading causes of death and injury. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/wisqars\/LeadingCauses.html. Accessed May 15, 2018"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B14","volume-title":"Drug Overdose Deaths Among Adolescents Aged 15\u201319 in the United States: 1999\u20132015. NCHS data brief no 282","author":"Curtin","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B15","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. (HHS Publication No. SMA 17-5044, NSDUH Series H-52). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2017. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/. Accessed May 15, 2018."},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B16","volume-title":"Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2016: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use","author":"Johnston","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B17","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics. https:\/\/www.aap.org\/en-us\/about-the-aap\/aap-press-room\/pages\/AAP-Recommends-Substance-Abuse-Screening-as-Part-of-Routine-Adolescent-Care.aspx. Accessed May 15, 2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-008-0064-8","article-title":"Training physicians to treat substance use disorders","volume":"10","author":"Polydorou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.02.008","article-title":"Reactions to a concept for physician intervention in adolescent alcohol use","volume":"31","author":"Yoast","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1210","article-title":"Substance use screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment","volume":"138","author":"Committee on Substance Use and Prevention","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20161211","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1211","article-title":"Substance use screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment","volume":"138","author":"Levy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B22","unstructured":"The Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse Research. The CRAFFT screening tool. http:\/\/www.ceasar-boston.org\/CRAFFT. Accessed May 15, 2018"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B23","unstructured":"SAMHSA-HRSA Center for Integrated Health Solutions. SBIRT: training and other resources. https:\/\/www.integration.samhsa.gov\/clinical-practice\/sbirt\/training-other-resources. Accessed May 15, 2018"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B24","unstructured":"NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse. The drug abuse screening test. https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/dast-10.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2018"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B25","unstructured":"Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Screening tools. https:\/\/www.adolescenthealth.org\/Topics-in-Adolescent-Health\/Substance-Use\/Clinical-Care-Guidelines\/Screening-Tools.aspx. Accessed May 15, 2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903290453700_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20161717","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1717","article-title":"Screening in primary care: what is the best way to identify at-risk youth for substance use?","volume":"138","author":"D\u2019Amico","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.10.006","article-title":"SBIRT-A: Adapting SBIRT to maximize developmental fit for adolescents in primary care","volume":"62","author":"Ozechowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B28","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/psychiatrists\/practice\/dsm. Accessed May 15, 2018"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5th ed"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.51.4.474","article-title":"Utility of routine drug screening in a psychiatric emergency setting","volume":"51","author":"Schiller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.02.005","article-title":"Evaluation of drug use and medication compliance in adolescents admitted to a psychiatric facility from the pediatric emergency department","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.12.007","article-title":"Clinical interpretation of urine drug tests: what clinicians need to know about urine drug screens","volume":"92","author":"Moeller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2016.07.006","article-title":"Common interferences in drug testing","volume":"36","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4065\/83.1.66","article-title":"Urine drug screening: practical guide for clinicians","volume":"83","author":"Moeller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2016.05.003","article-title":"Adulterants in urine drug testing","volume":"76","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Clin Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B36","first-page":"23","article-title":"Drugs in hair: part I\u2014metabolisms of major drug classes","volume":"29","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Rev"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2021120903290453700_B37","first-page":"85","article-title":"Legal review for testing of drugs in hair","volume":"19","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903290453700_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1379603","article-title":"The interpretation of hair analysis for drugs and drug metabolites","volume":"56","author":"Cuypers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"issue":"Unit 9.29","key":"2021120903290453700_B39","article-title":"Vapor inhalation of alcohol in rats","volume":"9","author":"Gilpin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Neurosci"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B40","unstructured":"National Capital Poison Center. Inhaling alcohol is dangerous. http:\/\/www.poison.org\/articles\/2013-sep\/inhaling-alcohol-is-dangerous. Accessed May 15, 2018"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B41","article-title":"What is the big deal with powdered alcohol?","author":"Greenemeier","year":"14, 2014","journal-title":"Scientific American"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120903290453700_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-014-0190-x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with ethanol (alcohol)","volume":"53","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198713050-00001","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of ethanol","volume":"13","author":"Holford","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2165\/00139709-200625010-00002","article-title":"Urine as a biological specimen for forensic analysis of alcohol and variability in the urine-to-blood relationship","volume":"25","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol Rev"},{"issue":"18","key":"2021120903290453700_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10806","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02205","article-title":"Flavoring chemicals and aldehydes in e-cigarette emissions","volume":"51","author":"Klager","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/10590501.2016.1236604","article-title":"Review of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: Their potential human health impact","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev"},{"issue":"168","key":"2021120903290453700_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-26573-2_23","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the plant cannabinoids, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol","volume":"168","author":"Huestis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B48","article-title":"Cannabis: an overview of its adverse acute and chronic effects and their implications [published online ahead of print July 12]","author":"Ford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Drug Abuse Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903290453700_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.064220","article-title":"High-potency cannabis and the risk of psychosis","volume":"195","author":"Di Forti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00334-4","article-title":"Early-onset cannabis use and cognitive deficits: what is the nature of the association?","volume":"69","author":"Pope","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120903290453700_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000031422.66442.49","article-title":"Dose-related neurocognitive effects of marijuana use","volume":"59","author":"Bolla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120903290453700_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3463-z","article-title":"Intellectual, neurocognitive, and academic achievement in abstinent adolescents with cannabis use disorder","volume":"231","author":"Hooper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120903290453700_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2003.00573.x","article-title":"Cannabis and educational achievement","volume":"98","author":"Fergusson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000556","article-title":"Testing a developmental cascade model of adolescent substance use trajectories and young adult adjustment","volume":"22","author":"Lynne-Landsman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120903290453700_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.10.1549","article-title":"The risks for late adolescence of early adolescent marijuana use","volume":"89","author":"Brook","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.008","article-title":"Cannabis use and educational achievement: findings from three Australasian cohort studies","volume":"110","author":"Horwood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12827","article-title":"Adolescent cannabis and tobacco use and educational outcomes at age 16: birth cohort study","volume":"110","author":"Stiby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf043","article-title":"Cannabis use and psychosis: a longitudinal population-based study","volume":"156","author":"van Os","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d738","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d738","article-title":"Continued cannabis use and risk of incidence and persistence of psychotic symptoms: 10 year follow-up cohort study","volume":"342","author":"Kuepper","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7481","key":"2021120903290453700_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38267.664086.63","article-title":"Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition for psychosis, and psychotic symptoms in young people","volume":"330","author":"Henquet","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01001.x","article-title":"Tests of causal linkages between cannabis use and psychotic symptoms","volume":"100","author":"Fergusson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.184.2.110","article-title":"Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence","volume":"184","author":"Arseneault","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1349910","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: potential mechanisms for the benefit of capsaicin and hot water hydrotherapy in treatment","volume":"56","author":"Richards","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120903290453700_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.06.038","article-title":"Capsaicin topical in emergency department treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Waterson Duncan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903290453700_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20163795","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3795","article-title":"Capsaicin cream for treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in adolescents: a case series","volume":"140","author":"Graham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120903290453700_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1324166","article-title":"Resolution of cannabis hyperemesis syndrome with topical capsaicin in the emergency department: a case series","volume":"55","author":"Dezieck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903290453700_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1931","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Richards","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-016-0595-z","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Sorensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2016218239","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-218239","article-title":"Is haloperidol the wonder drug for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome [published online ahead of print January 4]?","volume":"2017","author":"Inayat","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B70","first-page":"3614053","article-title":"Successful treatment of suspected cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome using haloperidol in the outpatient setting","volume":"2016","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1060","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2116","article-title":"13-year-old girl with recurrent, episodic, persistent vomiting: out of the pot and into the fire","volume":"135","author":"Felton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.11.017","article-title":"A systematic review of passive exposure to cannabis","volume":"269","author":"Berthet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.4.196","article-title":"Concentrations of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-carboxytetrahydrocannabinol in blood and urine after passive exposure to cannabis smoke in a coffee shop","volume":"34","author":"R\u00f6hrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903290453700_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14121J","article-title":"An indoor air quality-pharmacokinetic simulation of passive inhalation of marijuana smoke and the resultant buildup of 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in urine","volume":"42","author":"Giardino","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/11.3.89","article-title":"Passive inhalation of marijuana smoke: urinalysis and room air levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol","volume":"11","author":"Cone","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1986.171","article-title":"Contact highs and urinary cannabinoid excretion after passive exposure to marijuana smoke","volume":"40","author":"Cone","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1983.125","article-title":"Passive inhalation of marihuana smoke and urinary excretion of cannabinoids","volume":"34","author":"Perez-Reyes","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120903290453700_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1085998","article-title":"Abuse, misuse, and suicidal substance use by children on school property","volume":"53","author":"Vakkalanka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.10.140","article-title":"Misuse of over-the-counter cough or cold medications among adolescents: prevalence and correlates in a national sample","volume":"44","author":"Ford","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32814b09cf","article-title":"\u201cPharming\u201d: the abuse of prescription and over-the-counter drugs in teens","volume":"19","author":"Levine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120903290453700_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280504400702","article-title":"Adolescent abuse of dextromethorphan","volume":"44","author":"Schwartz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903290453700_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000159160.91833.b8","article-title":"Coricidin HBP cough and cold addiction","volume":"44","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"19","key":"2021120903290453700_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/58.19.1811","article-title":"Abuse of Coricidin HBP cough & cold tablets: episodes recorded by a poison center","volume":"58","author":"Banerji","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024542","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 use of prescribed drugs and over-the-counter preparations","volume":"18","author":"Dengler","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Public Health Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2050","article-title":"The prevalence of dextromethorphan abuse among high school students","volume":"118","author":"Falck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903290453700_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2006.16.801","article-title":"The cost of over-the-counter substance abuse","volume":"16","author":"Feinberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-014-0104-1","article-title":"Ventricular dysrhythmias associated with poisoning and drug overdose: a 10-year review of statewide poison control center data from California","volume":"15","author":"Al-Abri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Cardiovasc Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(82)80501-5","article-title":"Massive diphenhydramine overdose resulting in death","volume":"11","author":"Krenzelok","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2011.581986","article-title":"Dextromethorphan abuse in Texas, 2000-2009","volume":"30","author":"Forrester","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.585429","article-title":"Monitoring trends in dextromethorphan abuse using the National Poison Data System: 2000-2010","volume":"49","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120903290453700_B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.02.005","article-title":"Side effects of dextromethorphan abuse, a case series","volume":"30","author":"Ziaee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120903290453700_B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000148039.14588.d0","article-title":"Dextromethorphan abuse","volume":"20","author":"Boyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120903290453700_B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e31815a0667","article-title":"Serotonin syndrome in dextromethorphan ingestion responsive to propofol therapy","volume":"23","author":"Ganetsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.52.3.449","article-title":"Anticholinergic poisoning: treatment with physostigmine","volume":"52","author":"Rumack","year":"1973","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B95","first-page":"20","article-title":"Managing anticholinergic side effects","volume":"6","author":"Lieberman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903290453700_B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-014-0452-x","article-title":"The use of physostigmine by toxicologists in anticholinergic toxicity","volume":"11","author":"Watkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12839","article-title":"Pharmacological management of anticholinergic delirium- theory, evidence and practice","volume":"81","author":"Dawson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(98)90003-1","article-title":"Treatment of acute anticholinergic poisoning with physostigmine","volume":"16","author":"Beaver","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903290453700_B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2010.505198","article-title":"A review of bedside toxicologic experience with physostigmine and flumazenil","volume":"48","author":"Rasimas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt196783409","article-title":"The treatment of scopolamine-induced delirium with physostigmine","volume":"8","author":"Crowell","year":"1967","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.18.5.412","article-title":"Physostigmine as treatment for severe CNS anticholinergic toxicity","volume":"18","author":"Teoh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B102"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(00)70057-6","article-title":"A comparison of physostigmine and benzodiazepines for the treatment of anticholinergic poisoning","volume":"35","author":"Burns","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120903290453700_B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(80)80232-0","article-title":"Asystole complicating physostigmine treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose","volume":"9","author":"Pentel","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"2021120903290453700_B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1976.03260400040028","article-title":"Cardiac complications in amitriptyline poisoning: successful treatment with physostigmine","volume":"235","author":"Tobis","year":"1976","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903290453700_B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0330-y","article-title":"Use of a physostigmine continuous infusion for the treatment of severe and recurrent antimuscarinic toxicity in a mixed drug overdose","volume":"10","author":"Phillips","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.773006","article-title":"Successful management of olanzapine-induced anticholinergic agitation and delirium with a continuous intravenous infusion of physostigmine in a pediatric patient","volume":"51","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.2310\/8000.2011.110542","article-title":"Dextromethorphan abuse in teens: beware acetaminophen poisoning!","volume":"13","author":"Cunningham","year":"2011","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E52","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.3.e52","article-title":"Toxicity of over-the-counter cough and cold medications","volume":"108","author":"Gunn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B110","first-page":"18","article-title":"Inhalant use and inhalant use disorders in the United States","volume":"6","author":"Howard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2014.923904","article-title":"Hydrocarbon toxicity: A review","volume":"52","author":"Tormoehlen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-207566","article-title":"Air Duster abuse causing rapid airway compromise","volume":"2015","author":"Winston","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2310\/8000.2013.130974","article-title":"Metabolic acidosis in toluene sniffing","volume":"15","author":"Tuchscherer","year":"2013","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120903290453700_B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2012.04.034","article-title":"Toluene-induced renal tubular acidosis: an easily missed cause of hypokalemic paralysis","volume":"30","author":"Ungprasert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"2021120903290453700_B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.08.026","article-title":"Sudden death involving inhalation of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) with spray cleaner: three case reports","volume":"206","author":"Sakai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199717030-00004","article-title":"A risk-benefit assessment of flumazenil in the management of benzodiazepine overdose","volume":"17","author":"Weinbroum","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12731","article-title":"Flumazenil, naloxone and the \u2018coma cocktail\u2019","volume":"81","author":"Sivilotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12434","article-title":"Adverse events associated with flumazenil treatment for the management of suspected benzodiazepine intoxication: a systematic review with meta-analyses of randomised trials","volume":"118","author":"Penninga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B119","volume-title":"Plants of the Gods","author":"Schultes","year":"1992"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903290453700_B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2007.02.009","article-title":"Herbal drugs of abuse: an emerging problem","volume":"25","author":"Richardson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15014J","article-title":"The detection of psilocin in human urine","volume":"46","author":"Grieshaber","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2011.566500","article-title":"Legally tripping: a qualitative profile of Salvia divinorum use among young adults","volume":"43","author":"Kelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03259916","article-title":"Clinical features and management of intoxication due to hallucinogenic drugs","volume":"4","author":"Leikin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903290453700_B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3109\/15563657508988063","article-title":"Coma, hyperthermia, and bleeding associated with massive LSD overdose, a report of eight cases","volume":"8","author":"Klock","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"2021120903290453700_B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70018-6","article-title":"Death by \u201cecstasy\u201d: the serotonin syndrome?","volume":"32","author":"Mueller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00292.x","article-title":"Death following ingestion of MDMA (ecstasy) and moclobemide","volume":"98","author":"Vuori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120903290453700_B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041867","article-title":"The serotonin syndrome","volume":"352","author":"Boyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120903290453700_B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198711000-00001","article-title":"A review of psychoactive substance use and abuse in schizophrenia. Patterns of drug choice","volume":"175","author":"Schneier","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.1.205","article-title":"False-positive lysergic acid diethylamide immunoassay screen associated with fentanyl medication","volume":"48","author":"Gagajewski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/43.4.635","article-title":"Interference with testing for lysergic acid diethylamide","volume":"43","author":"Ritter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120903290453700_B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03330350053028","article-title":"Diffuse vascular spasm associated with 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine ingestion","volume":"249","author":"Bowen","year":"1983","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903290453700_B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(89)90263-1","article-title":"Amphetamine toxicity: experience with 127 cases","volume":"7","author":"Derlet","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.156.3.442","article-title":"Phentermine and psychosis","volume":"156","author":"Devan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903290453700_B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2013.02.005","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of chronic methamphetamine abuse","volume":"36","author":"Rusyniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120903290453700_B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2009.139","article-title":"Methamphetamine colitis: a rare case of ischemic colitis in a young patient","volume":"144","author":"Holubar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903290453700_B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199112000-00015","article-title":"Methamphetamine-induced ischemic colitis","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2004.04.022","article-title":"Ecstasy overdose: rapid cooling leads to successful outcome","volume":"22","author":"Bordo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(94)70165-2","article-title":"Hyperthermia in psychostimulant overdose","volume":"24","author":"Callaway","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-73-1-81","article-title":"Amphetamine intoxication with coagulopathy, hyperthermia, and reversible renal failure. A syndrome resembling heatstroke","volume":"73","author":"Ginsberg","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS10366J","article-title":"The identification of impurities in illicit methamphetamine exhibits by gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"22","author":"Kram","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120903290453700_B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.941116957.x","article-title":"Ecstasy and new patterns of drug use: a normal population study","volume":"94","author":"Pedersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"13","key":"2021120903290453700_B142","first-page":"1843","article-title":"Raves: a review of the culture, the drugs and the prevention of harm","volume":"162","author":"Weir","year":"2000","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.15.5.322","article-title":"\u201cSaturday night fever\u201d: ecstasy related problems in a London accident and emergency department","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Accid Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120903290453700_B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02003.x","article-title":"Recreational MDMA use in Sydney: a profile of \u2018Ecstacy\u2019 users and their experiences with the drug","volume":"87","author":"Solowij","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1986.10472364","article-title":"Subjective reports of the effects of MDMA in a clinical setting","volume":"18","author":"Greer","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2021120903290453700_B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.08.031","article-title":"3 cases of primary intracranial hemorrhage associated with \u201cMolly\u201d, a purified form of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)","volume":"323","author":"Kahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/10673220216223","article-title":"Long-term neuropsychiatric consequences of \u201cecstasy\u201d (MDMA): a review","volume":"10","author":"Montoya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.67.1.162","article-title":"Effect of intravenous aminophylline on plasma levels of catecholamines and related cardiovascular and metabolic responses in man","volume":"67","author":"Vestal","year":"1983","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.100.3.884-b","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmias during theophylline toxicity","volume":"100","author":"Bender","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120903290453700_B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.9.989","article-title":"Life-threatening events after theophylline overdose: a 10-year prospective analysis","volume":"159","author":"Shannon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(97)70326-3","article-title":"Myocardial infarction resulting from caffeine overdose in an anorectic woman","volume":"29","author":"Forman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120903290453700_B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01708590","article-title":"Acute myocardial infarction in a young woman: possible relationship with sustained-release theophylline acute overdose?","volume":"18","author":"Hantson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.16.5.814","article-title":"Caffeine induced changes in cerebral circulation","volume":"16","author":"Mathew","year":"1985","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903290453700_B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(89)90080-0","article-title":"Role of endogenous adenosine in recurrent generalized seizures","volume":"103","author":"Eldridge","year":"1989","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B155","first-page":"29","article-title":"Theophylline actions on adenosine receptors","volume":"109","author":"Fredholm","year":"1980","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis Suppl"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1992.tb01989.x","article-title":"Fatal theophylline poisoning with rhabdomyolysis","volume":"47","author":"Laurence","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"8434","key":"2021120903290453700_B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91711-8","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure after theophylline overdose","volume":"1","author":"Macdonald","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8443","key":"2021120903290453700_B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91882-3","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis after theophylline overdose","volume":"1","author":"Rumpf","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(89)80323-3","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis induced by a caffeine overdose","volume":"18","author":"Wrenn","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903290453700_B160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(95)90086-1","article-title":"Hypokalemia after normal doses of neubulized albuterol (salbutamol)","volume":"13","author":"Udezue","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120903290453700_B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)81898-0","article-title":"Frequently nebulized beta-agonists for asthma: effects on serum electrolytes","volume":"21","author":"Bodenhamer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199210000-00005","article-title":"Albuterol overdose: a case report and differential diagnosis","volume":"8","author":"King","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903290453700_B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(92)90184-Y","article-title":"Hypoglycemia following albuterol overdose in a child","volume":"10","author":"Wasserman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B164","first-page":"485","article-title":"Use of beta-blockade and hemoperfusion for acute theophylline poisoning","volume":"141","author":"Biberstein","year":"1984","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)82139-0","article-title":"Treatment of caffeine toxicity with esmolol","volume":"19","author":"Price","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1995.tb02872.x","article-title":"Charcoal hemoperfusion for theophylline overdose: case report and proposal for predicting treatment time","volume":"15","author":"Burgess","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(88)80226-9","article-title":"Caffeine poisoning treated by hemoperfusion","volume":"12","author":"Nagesh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197901043000107","article-title":"Management of theophylline intoxication with charcoal-column hemoperfusion","volume":"300","author":"Russo","year":"1979","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658408992572","article-title":"Benefit of hemoperfusion in acute theophylline intoxication","volume":"22","author":"Woo","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120903290453700_B170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1997.tb03758.x","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion in severe theophylline intoxication","volume":"4","author":"Shannon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)11163-4","article-title":"Characterization of the sodium channel blocking properties of the major metabolites of cocaine in single cardiac myocytes","volume":"261","author":"Crumb","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903290453700_B172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)10408-4","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses to cocaine are initially mediated by the central nervous system in rats","volume":"263","author":"Knuepfer","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.65.1.185","article-title":"Direct actions of cocaine on cardiac cellular electrical activity","volume":"65","author":"Przywara","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(90)90221-I","article-title":"Cocaine-induced torsades de pointes in a patient with the idiopathic long QT syndrome","volume":"120","author":"Schrem","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120903290453700_B175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1994.tb02523.x","article-title":"The effects of lidocaine pretreatment on cocaine neurotoxicity and lethality in mice","volume":"1","author":"Heit","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.3.876","article-title":"Activation of human platelets by cocaine","volume":"88","author":"Kugelmass","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.110.4.904","article-title":"Acute effects of inhaled and i.v. cocaine on airway dynamics","volume":"110","author":"Tashkin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120903290453700_B178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-197905000-00013","article-title":"Cocaine and succinylcholine sensitivity: a new caution","volume":"58","author":"Jatlow","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120903290453700_B179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327111401435","article-title":"Benzodiazepines and antipsychotic medications for treatment of acute cocaine toxicity in animal models: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Heard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120903290453700_B180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/8.1.23","article-title":"Urinary excretion of ecgonine methyl ester, a major metabolite of cocaine in humans","volume":"8","author":"Ambre","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2021120903290453700_B181","unstructured":"National Institute of Drug Abuse. What are the long-term effects of cocaine use. https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/cocaine\/what-are-long-term-effects-cocaine-use. Accessed May 15, 2018."},{"issue":"21","key":"2021120903290453700_B182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197505222922106","article-title":"Diminished ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia after morphine in normal man","volume":"292","author":"Weil","year":"1975","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2021120903290453700_B183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.02.004","article-title":"Opioidergic and dopaminergic modulation of respiration","volume":"164","author":"Lalley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120903290453700_B184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.23.6.802.32186","article-title":"Dose-related effects of methadone on QT prolongation in a series of patients with torsade de pointes","volume":"23","author":"Krantz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120903290453700_B185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2010.00237.x","article-title":"Methadone maintenance, QTc and torsade de pointes: who needs an electrocardiogram and what is the prevalence of QTc prolongation?","volume":"30","author":"Mayet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120903290453700_B186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)81896-7","article-title":"Is admission after intravenous heroin overdose necessary?","volume":"21","author":"Smith","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120903290453700_B187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2016.1253846","article-title":"Do heroin overdose patients require observation after receiving naloxone?","volume":"55","author":"Willman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics In Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatricsinreview\/article-pdf\/39\/8\/403\/827776\/pedsinreview_20170267.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatricsinreview\/article-pdf\/39\/8\/403\/827776\/pedsinreview_20170267.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T04:22:21Z","timestamp":1751775741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatricsinreview\/article\/39\/8\/403\/31962\/Common-Substances-of-Abuse"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"references-count":187,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/pir.2017-0267","relation":{},"ISSN":["0191-9601","1526-3347"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0191-9601","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-3347","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]}}}