{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T11:51:08Z","timestamp":1792497068579,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pediatric clinicians are on the front line for prevention of language and speech disorders. This review uses prevailing theories and recent data to justify strategies for prevention, screening and detection, diagnosis, and treatment of language and speech disorders. Primary prevention rests on theories that language learning is an interaction between the child\u2019s learning capacities and the language environment. Language learning occurs in a social context with active child engagement. Theories support parent education and public programs that increase children\u2019s exposure to child-directed speech. Early detection of delays requires knowledge of language milestones and recognition of high-risk indicators for disorders. Male sex, bilingual environments, birth order, and chronic otitis media are not adequate explanations for significant delays in language or speech. Current guidelines recommend both general and autism-specific screening. Environmental and genetic factors contribute to primary language and speech disorders. Secondary and tertiary prevention requires early identification of children with language and speech disorders. Disorders may be found in association with chromosomal, genetic, neurologic, and other health conditions. Systematic reviews find that speech-language therapy, alone or in conjunction with other developmental services, is effective for many disorders. Speech-language interventions alter the environment and stimulate children\u2019s targeted responding to improve their skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2017-0325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T13:25:25Z","timestamp":1564665925000},"page":"398-411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["How Young Children Learn Language and Speech"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Heidi M.","family":"Feldman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022082820423377400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17226\/21872","volume-title":"Speech and Language Disorders in Children: Implications for the Social Security Administration\u2019s Supplemental Security Income Program","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022082820423377400_B2","article-title":"Number of children receiving early intervention and special education services under idea, birth through age 5","author":"Kansas Department of Health and Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022082820423377400_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1177\/105381519101500202","article-title":"Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in early intervention","volume":"15","author":"Simeonsson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Early Interv"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022082820423377400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2011\/10-0041)","article-title":"Increasing the odds: applying emergentist theory in language intervention","volume":"42","author":"Poll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022082820423377400_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1340","article-title":"Connectionist perspectives on language learning, representation and processing","volume":"6","author":"Joanisse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022082820423377400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(01)00132-9","article-title":"Words in a sea of sounds: the output of infant statistical learning","volume":"81","author":"Saffran","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022082820423377400_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025405","article-title":"Implicit statistical learning is directly associated with the acquisition of syntax","volume":"48","author":"Kidd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022082820423377400_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.02.007","article-title":"The unrealized promise of infant statistical word-referent learning","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022082820423377400_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1394","article-title":"Statistical learning and the critical period: how a continuous learning mechanism can give rise to discontinuous learning","volume":"7","author":"Thiessen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022082820423377400_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.63","article-title":"Speech perception and production","volume":"1","author":"Casserly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2022082820423377400_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613488145","article-title":"Talking to children matters: early language experience strengthens processing and builds vocabulary","volume":"24","author":"Weisleder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022082820423377400_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20162591","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2591","article-title":"Media and young minds","volume":"138","author":"Council on Communications and Media","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022082820423377400_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000201049.66073.8d","article-title":"Myelination of language-related areas in the developing brain","volume":"66","author":"Pujol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022082820423377400_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1231","article-title":"Identifying infants and young children with developmental disorders in the medical home: an algorithm for developmental surveillance and screening","volume":"118","author":"Council on Children with Disabilities","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022082820423377400_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-4096","article-title":"2014 recommendations for pediatric preventive health care","volume":"133","author":"Simon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022082820423377400_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e581","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1771","article-title":"A guide for monitoring child development in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"121","author":"Ertem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022082820423377400_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2012.01393.x","article-title":"Validation of a home-based neurodevelopmental screening tool for under 2-year-old children in Bangladesh","volume":"39","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022082820423377400_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1813","article-title":"Validation of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised with Follow-up (M-CHAT-R\/F)","volume":"133","author":"Robins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022082820423377400_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01874","article-title":"Sex differences in language across early childhood: family socioeconomic status does not impact boys and girls equally","volume":"6","author":"Barbu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022082820423377400_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1353448","article-title":"Input and language development in bilingually developing children","volume":"34","author":"Hoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Speech Lang"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022082820423377400_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2005\/019)","article-title":"The language abilities of bilingual children with Down syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Bird","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022082820423377400_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1549104","article-title":"What clinicians need to know about bilingual development","volume":"36","author":"Hoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Speech Lang"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022082820423377400_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.2307\/1131836","article-title":"Birth order effects on early language development: do secondborn children learn from overheard speech?","volume":"67","author":"Oshima-Takane","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022082820423377400_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062980","article-title":"Tympanostomy tubes and developmental outcomes at 9 to 11 years of age","volume":"356","author":"Paradise","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"2022082820423377400_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200104193441601","article-title":"Effect of early or delayed insertion of tympanostomy tubes for persistent otitis media on developmental outcomes at the age of three years","volume":"344","author":"Paradise","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022082820423377400_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.3.318","article-title":"Otitis media in 2253 Pittsburgh-area infants: prevalence and risk factors during the first two years of life","volume":"99","author":"Paradise","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022082820423377400_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1590\/2317-1782\/20162015193","article-title":"Language development and its relation to social behavior and family and school environments: a systematic review [in Portuguese]","volume":"28","author":"Carvalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Codas"},{"key":"2022082820423377400_B28","volume-title":"Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children","author":"Hart","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022082820423377400_B29","article-title":"Caregiver talk and medical risk as predictors of language outcomes in full term and preterm toddlers","volume":"89","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"2022082820423377400_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2015.07.004","article-title":"Why does parental language input style predict child language development? a twin study of gene-environment correlation","volume":"57","author":"Dale","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Commun Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022082820423377400_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2007\/095)","article-title":"Language acquisition with limited input: Romanian institution and foster care","volume":"50","author":"Windsor","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022082820423377400_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01604.x","article-title":"Effect of foster care on young children\u2019s language learning","volume":"82","author":"Windsor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022082820423377400_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e448","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3889","article-title":"Screening for speech and language delay in children 5 years old and younger: a systematic review","volume":"136","author":"Wallace","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022082820423377400_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.11.007","article-title":"Fetal sex and preterm birth","volume":"34","author":"Challis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022082820423377400_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1985.04060050026008","article-title":"Cerebral lateralization: biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology, I: a hypothesis and a program for research","volume":"42","author":"Geschwind","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022082820423377400_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30057-9","article-title":"Genetic factors contributing to learning and language delays and disabilities","volume":"10","author":"Plomin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2022082820423377400_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.02006.x","article-title":"Speaking genes or genes for speaking? deciphering the genetics of speech and language","volume":"50","author":"Grigorenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022082820423377400_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000037","article-title":"Oral language deficits in familial dyslexia: a meta-analysis and review","volume":"142","author":"Snowling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022082820423377400_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2012.01757.x","article-title":"Child development and molecular genetics: 14 years later","volume":"84","author":"Plomin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022082820423377400_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.184","article-title":"Childhood intelligence is heritable, highly polygenic and associated with FNBP1L","volume":"19","author":"Benyamin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022082820423377400_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2008\/08-0064)","article-title":"Is expressive language disorder an accurate diagnostic category?","volume":"18","author":"Leonard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022082820423377400_B42","first-page":"CD004110","article-title":"Speech and language therapy interventions for children with primary speech and language delay or disorder","author":"Law","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022082820423377400_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00671.x","article-title":"Speed of word recognition and vocabulary knowledge in infancy predict cognitive and language outcomes in later childhood","volume":"11","author":"Marchman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022082820423377400_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820500442602","article-title":"Short-term and working memory in specific language impairment","volume":"41","author":"Archibald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022082820423377400_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000411","article-title":"Reading disorders and dyslexia","volume":"28","author":"Hulme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"2022082820423377400_B46","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): data and statistics on autism spectrum disorder. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/autism\/data.html. Updated March 10, 2017"},{"key":"2022082820423377400_B47","article-title":"The importance of developmental plasticity","volume-title":"Scientists Making a Difference: One Hundred Eminent Behavioral and Brain Scientists Talk About Their Most Important Contributions","author":"Newport","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022082820423377400_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(92)90058-M","article-title":"Language development after unilateral brain injury","volume":"42","author":"Feldman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022082820423377400_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012848","article-title":"Does linguistic input play the same role in language learning for children with and without early brain injury?","volume":"45","author":"Rowe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"pt 6","key":"2022082820423377400_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh159","article-title":"Language reorganization in children with early-onset lesions of the left hemisphere: an fMRI study","volume":"127","author":"Li\u00e9geois","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022082820423377400_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.10.032","article-title":"Language abilities in children who were very preterm and\/or very low birth weight: a meta-analysis","volume":"158","author":"Barre","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022082820423377400_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1728","article-title":"Language functions in preterm-born children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"129","author":"van Noort-van der Spek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022082820423377400_B53","first-page":"42","volume-title":"J Pediatr","author":"Rollins","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022082820423377400_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1159\/000078343","article-title":"The implications of different approaches to evaluating intervention: evidence from the study of language delay\/disorder","volume":"56","author":"Law","year":"2004","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr Logop"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022082820423377400_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12280","article-title":"Parent-implemented home therapy programmes for speech and language: a systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Tosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022082820423377400_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2011\/10-0047)","article-title":"Language use in social interactions of school-age children with language impairments: an evidence-based systematic review of treatment","volume":"43","author":"Gerber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022082820423377400_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_AJSLP-13-0035","article-title":"A systematic review of treatment outcomes for children with childhood apraxia of speech","volume":"23","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"key":"2022082820423377400_B58","article-title":"Screening for Speech and Language Delays and Disorders in Children Age 5 Years or Younger: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force","author":"Berkman","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics In Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatricsinreview\/article-pdf\/40\/8\/398\/1357541\/pedsinreview_20170325.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatricsinreview\/article-pdf\/40\/8\/398\/1357541\/pedsinreview_20170325.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T20:44:24Z","timestamp":1661719464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatricsinreview\/article\/40\/8\/398\/35313\/How-Young-Children-Learn-Language-and-Speech"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/pir.2017-0325","relation":{},"ISSN":["0191-9601","1526-3347"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0191-9601","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-3347","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]}}}