{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:18:51Z","timestamp":1780467531152,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Postpartum depression in new mothers has become a widely recognized public health concern. Paternal perinatal depression (PPND) and the mental health of fathers in the perinatal period continues to receive significantly less public attention. Overall prevalence rates of up to 25% have been documented in first-time fathers. The presence of maternal depression, unsatisfactory couple relationships, and certain psychosocial and biological risk factors are associated with poor paternal bonding and increased depression risk. Depressed fathers experience excessive self-criticism, restlessness, irritability, and aggression rather than low mood. Depression in new fathers can lead to drug and alcohol abuse, food behavior disorders, and lack of impulse control. PPND leads to developmental delay, mental health disorders, and emotional or behavioral problems in the offspring. PPND may also adversely affect a child\u2019s ability to learn new information, with lasting intellectual and scholastic consequences. There currently are no official criteria to diagnose PPND, and neither are there validated screening tools available to fathers. A family-focused approach should be considered in place of the historically gender-focused mood assessment. Nontraditional interventions such as Internet communities, e-therapy, or group workshops are shown to combat a father\u2019s contextual understanding of therapy. Group therapy with integrated cognitive behavioral therapy can address masculine norms surrounding the parenting roles of fathers and can help cultivate support networks that are otherwise absent among new dads. PPND is ideally addressed by the adoption of a father-inclusive model of care that shifts the parenting paradigm and provides emotional and parenting support to men as they experience their new role as dad.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2021-005488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T03:03:49Z","timestamp":1664593429000},"page":"539-548","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Paternal Perinatal Depression in Modern-Day Fatherhood"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Antwon T.","family":"Chavis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022100103015599200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00248","article-title":"Economic and health predictors of national postpartum depression prevalence: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of 291 studies from 56 countries","volume":"8","author":"Hahn-Holbrook","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"Fifth Edition."},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B3","unstructured":"Women\u2019s Bureau. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Current Population Survey Annual Averages 1975-2019. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor. Available at: https:\/\/www.dol.gov\/agencies\/wb\/data\/mothers-families\/Laborforceparticipationrates-women-ageyoungestchild. Accessed December 9, 2021"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B4","unstructured":"Ventura\n              SJ\n            \n          . National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief No. 18: Changing Patterns of Nonmarital Childbearing in the United States. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db18.htm. Accessed November 30, 2021"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B5","unstructured":"Stambor\n              Z\n            \n          . Meet the renaissance dad. Monit Psychol. 2005;36(11):62. Available at: https:\/\/www.apa.org\/monitor\/dec05\/renaissance.aspx. Accessed November 26, 2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022100103015599200_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.14.2.200","article-title":"Factors associated with fathers\u2019 caregiving activities and sensitivity with young children","volume":"14","author":"NICHD Early Child Care Research Network","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Fam Psychol"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B7","unstructured":"Livingston\n              G\n            \n          . Growing number of dads home with the kids. Pew Research Center. Available at: http:\/\/www.pewsocialtrends.org\/2014\/06\/05\/growing-number-of-dads-home-with-the-kids\/. Published June 5, 2014. Accessed November 30, 2021"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B8","unstructured":"Characteristics of same-sex couple households: 2005 to present. US Census Bureau. Available at: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/time-series\/demo\/same-sex-couples\/ssc-house-characteristics.html. Accessed November 30, 2021"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B9","unstructured":"ACT for incarcerated fathers. American Psychological Association. Available at: https:\/\/www.apa.org\/pi\/prevent-violence\/programs\/incarcerated-fathers.aspx. Accessed November 29, 2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022100103015599200_B10","first-page":"53","article-title":"Daddy warriors: the battle to equalize paternity leave in the United States by breaking gender stereotypes: a fourteenth amendment equal protection analysis","volume":"21","author":"Melamed","year":"2014","journal-title":"UCLA Womens Law J"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B11","volume-title":"Work Family Supports for Low-Income Families: Key Research Findings and Policy Trends","author":"Winston","year":"2014"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B12","volume-title":"Family and Medical Leave in 2012: Technical Report","author":"Klerman","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022100103015599200_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/13668803.2018.1471589","article-title":"Paid paternity leave-taking in the United States","volume":"23","author":"Petts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Community Work Fam"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022100103015599200_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2003.02857.x","article-title":"Paternal postpartum depression, its relationship to maternal postpartum depression, and implications for family health","volume":"45","author":"Goodman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"19","key":"2022100103015599200_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.605","article-title":"Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis","volume":"303","author":"Paulson","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.07.044","article-title":"Prevalence of paternal depression in pregnancy and the postpartum: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"206","author":"Cameron","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022100103015599200_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988317749071","article-title":"Paternal perinatal depression assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Gotland Male Depression Scale: prevalence and possible risk factors","volume":"12","author":"Carlberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Mens Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022100103015599200_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041139","article-title":"When fathers begin to falter: a comprehensive review on paternal perinatal depression","volume":"17","author":"Bruno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.152.4.506","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity in spouses of women admitted to a mother and baby unit","volume":"152","author":"Harvey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022100103015599200_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00708.x","article-title":"Is paternal postpartum depression associated with maternal postpartum depression? population-based study in Brazil","volume":"113","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022100103015599200_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3109\/01674820009075616","article-title":"First-time parenthood: influences on pre- and postnatal adjustment in fathers and mothers","volume":"21","author":"Morse","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022100103015599200_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670701517959","article-title":"First-Time Fathers\u2019 Study: psychological distress in expectant fathers during pregnancy","volume":"41","author":"Boyce","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"2022100103015599200_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00236-6","article-title":"Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for men, and comparison of item endorsement with their partners","volume":"64","author":"Matthey","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022100103015599200_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.5172\/conu.2010.34.2.199","article-title":"Paternal postpartum depression: how can nurses begin to help?","volume":"34","author":"Melrose","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contemp Nurse"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2018.08.011","article-title":"Fathers\u2019 cortisol and testosterone in the days around infants\u2019 births predict later paternal involvement","volume":"106","author":"Kuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022100103015599200_B26","first-page":"35","article-title":"Sad dads: paternal postpartum depression","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry (Edgmont)"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B27","first-page":"145","article-title":"La depressione perinatale nei padri","volume-title":"La Depressione Perinatale. Aspetti Clinici e di Ricerca Sulla Genitorialit\u00e0 a Rischio","author":"Baldoni","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022100103015599200_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15295192.2015.992732","article-title":"Paternal depression in the postnatal period and early father-infant interactions","volume":"15","author":"Sethna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parent Sci Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022100103015599200_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988314526614","article-title":"An integrative review of paternal depression","volume":"9","author":"Edward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Mens Health"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782","article-title":"Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale","volume":"150","author":"Cox","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022100103015599200_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00012-5","article-title":"Diagnosing postpartum depression in mothers and fathers: whatever happened to anxiety?","volume":"74","author":"Matthey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"9478","key":"2022100103015599200_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66778-5","article-title":"Paternal depression in the postnatal period and child development: a prospective population study","volume":"365","author":"Ramchandani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B33","first-page":"132","article-title":"Perinatal Assessment of Paternal Affectivity (PAPA): preliminary report on a new screening tool","volume":"37","author":"Baldoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infant Ment Health J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022100103015599200_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e637","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1612","article-title":"Fathers and the well-child visit","volume":"117","author":"Garfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022100103015599200_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462011000300012","article-title":"Paternal postpartum mood: bipolar episodes?","volume":"33","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022100103015599200_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2190\/FLE0-92JM-C4CN-J83T","article-title":"Couvade syndrome: male counterpart to pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Klein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.02.064","article-title":"Untreated perinatal paternal depression: effects on offspring","volume":"252","author":"Gentile","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022100103015599200_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816429c2","article-title":"Depression in men in the postnatal period and later child psychopathology: a population cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Ramchandani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-299","article-title":"A three generation study of the mental health relationships between grandparents, parents and children","volume":"13","author":"Hancock","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022100103015599200_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-012-0326-x","article-title":"Do antenatal and postnatal parental psychological distress, and recognized need of help predict preadolescent\u2019s psychiatric symptoms? the Finnish Family Competence Cohort study","volume":"44","author":"Pihlakoski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022100103015599200_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m09936","article-title":"Doomed for disorder? high incidence of mood and anxiety disorders in offspring of depressed and anxious patients: a prospective cohort study","volume":"78","author":"Havinga","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022100103015599200_B42","volume-title":"Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), User\u2019s Manual for the ECLS-B Longitudinal 9-Month-2-Year Data File and Electronic Codebook","author":"Nord","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022100103015599200_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01973.x","article-title":"Early parental depression and child language development","volume":"50","author":"Paulson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022100103015599200_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2007.05.003","article-title":"Infant-directed speech produced by fathers with symptoms of depression: effects on infant associative learning in a conditioned-attention paradigm","volume":"30","author":"Kaplan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"11-12","key":"2022100103015599200_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.10192","article-title":"The effects of early paternal depression on children\u2019s development","volume":"195","author":"Fletcher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022100103015599200_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.02000.x","article-title":"The effects of pre- and postnatal depression in fathers: a natural experiment comparing the effects of exposure to depression on offspring","volume":"49","author":"Ramchandani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022100103015599200_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.10.007","article-title":"Effects of paternal depression on fathers\u2019 parenting behaviors: a meta-analytic review","volume":"30","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022100103015599200_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1779","article-title":"Fathers\u2019 depression related to positive and negative parenting behaviors with 1-year-old children","volume":"127","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022100103015599200_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.07.003","article-title":"The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses","volume":"26","author":"Butler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022100103015599200_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmh.9.2.43","article-title":"Review: cognitive behavioural therapy is more effective than control and similarly effective to pharmacotherapy for generalised anxiety disorder","volume":"9","author":"Bagby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022100103015599200_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0568-8","article-title":"Psychosocial risk factors associated with fathers\u2019 mental health in the postnatal period: results from a population-based study","volume":"48","author":"Giallo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022100103015599200_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2009.07.002","article-title":"The Men\u2019s Stress Workshop: a gender-sensitive treatment for depressed men","volume":"17","author":"Primack","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cognit Behav Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022100103015599200_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988314529790","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression in men: tailoring treatment and directions for future research","volume":"9","author":"Spendelow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Mens Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022100103015599200_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.121855","article-title":"One-day cognitive-behavioural therapy self-confidence workshops for people with depression: randomised controlled trial","volume":"204","author":"Horrell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022100103015599200_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.58.1.5","article-title":"Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking","volume":"58","author":"Addis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022100103015599200_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.3273","article-title":"A randomised, wait-list controlled trial: evaluation of a cognitive-behavioural group intervention on psycho-sexual adjustment for men with localised prostate cancer","volume":"22","author":"Siddons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychooncology"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics In Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatricsinreview\/article-pdf\/43\/10\/539\/1371485\/pedsinreview.2021005488.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatricsinreview\/article-pdf\/43\/10\/539\/1371485\/pedsinreview.2021005488.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T03:05:08Z","timestamp":1664593508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatricsinreview\/article\/43\/10\/539\/189517\/Paternal-Perinatal-Depression-in-Modern-Day"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/pir.2021-005488","relation":{},"ISSN":["0191-9601","1526-3347"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0191-9601","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-3347","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]}}}