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The pathogens that caused the most foodborne illnesses were norovirus (58%), nontyphoidal Salmonella species (11%), Clostridium perfringens (10%), and Campylobacter species (9%). Unspecified agents caused an estimated 38.4 million episodes of domestically acquired foodborne gastroenteritis, 258,033 hospitalizations, and 3,574 deaths. The estimate for illnesses caused by waterborne transmission was 7.15 million. The diseases that caused the greatest number were otitis externa (n = 4.67 million), norovirus (n = 1.33 million), giardiasis (n = 415,000), and cryptosporidiosis (n = 322,000). An important aspect of management and prevention is health-care provider reporting of foodborne and waterborne illnesses. Health-care provider reporting of reportable diseases has been inconsistent, infrequent, and delayed. Education efforts concerning reporting need to be enhanced, and physicians should report suspected cases before laboratory confirmation to enhance the timeliness of outbreak investigation and possibly prevent subsequent cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2022-005621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T03:21:18Z","timestamp":1675221678000},"page":"81-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Foodborne and Waterborne Illness"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Robert R.","family":"Wittler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Kansas University School of Medicine\u2013Wichita, Wichita, KS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2023020103042701000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.190676","article-title":"Estimate of burden and direct healthcare cost of infectious waterborne disease in the United States","volume":"27","author":"Collier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"17","key":"2023020103042701000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6917a1","article-title":"Preliminary incidence and trends of infections with pathogens transmitted commonly through food: Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. sites, 2016-2019","volume":"69","author":"Tack","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"RR-4","key":"2023020103042701000_B3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses: a primer for physicians and other health care professionals","volume":"53","author":"American Medical Association","year":"2004","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023020103042701000_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States\u2014major pathogens","volume":"17","author":"Scallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023020103042701000_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P21101","article-title":"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States\u2014unspecified agents","volume":"17","author":"Scallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023020103042701000_B6","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. 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