{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T10:11:34Z","timestamp":1775211094942,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Short stature (SS) is among the most common reasons for referral to a pediatric endocrinology clinic, particularly in urban areas. An appropriate medical history, including family history with measurement of the parents, an evaluation of the growth chart, an appropriate review of systems and physical exam, and determining the bone age, will allow the clinician to have a clear understanding of the reason(s) why the child is short. Familial SS and constitutional delay of growth are the most common causes of short stature. Children who are small for gestational age, whose height are not normal by age 2\u00a0years, and have dysmorphic features or abnormal body proportions should have an evaluation for genetic causes of SS. Children with abnormal growth velocity should be evaluated for endocrinopathies, inflammatory conditions, intestinal malabsorption, environmental factors, and\/or chromosome mosaicism. Treatment of the identified cause should restore normal growth. Growth hormone treatment is only required by a minority of patients with SS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2024-006538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:03:45Z","timestamp":1748736225000},"page":"304-316","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Short Stature for the General Pediatrician"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Nicklaus Children\u2019s Hospital, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Ayala Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Pediatrics, Nicklaus Children\u2019s Hospital, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Carrillo-Iregui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Nicklaus Children\u2019s Hospital, Miami, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2025053120034442100_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4210","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0509","article-title":"Consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic short stature: a summary of the Growth Hormone Research Society, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology Workshop","volume":"93","author":"Cohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025053120034442100_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.1.45","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts for the United States: improvements to the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics version","volume":"109","author":"Ogden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025053120034442100_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2258","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factors in embryonic and fetal growth and skeletal development (review)","volume":"10","author":"Agrogiannis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025053120034442100_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2005.07.028","article-title":"The role of the insulin-like growth factor system in prenatal growth","volume":"86","author":"Randhawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Genet Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025053120034442100_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201506106","article-title":"Mutations in pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2 cause short stature due to low IGF-I availability","volume":"8","author":"Dauber","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025053120034442100_r6","first-page":"MC13","article-title":"Ghrelin: ghrelin as a regulatory peptide in growth hormone secretion","volume":"8","author":"Khatib","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res."},{"key":"2025053120034442100_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00035","article-title":"The growth hormone receptor: mechanism of receptor activation, cell signaling, and physiological aspects","volume":"9","author":"Dehkhoda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025053120034442100_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200208000-00003","article-title":"Interactions between GH, IGF-I, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones during skeletal growth","volume":"52","author":"Robson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"2025053120034442100_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1795-9_56","volume-title":"Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease","author":"Soliman","year":"2012"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025053120034442100_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.100650","article-title":"An approach to constitutional delay of growth and puberty","volume":"16","author":"Soliman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025053120034442100_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1375\/136905203770326402","article-title":"Heritability of adult body height: a comparative study of twin cohorts in eight countries","volume":"6","author":"Silventoinen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Twin Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025053120034442100_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3097","article-title":"Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height","volume":"46","author":"Wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025053120034442100_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.608","article-title":"Common SNPs explain a large proportion of the heritability for human height","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"issue":"7933","key":"2025053120034442100_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05275-y","article-title":"A saturated map of common genetic variants associated with human height","volume":"610","author":"Yengo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025053120034442100_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e442","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad417","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment for non-GHD disorders: excitement tempered by biology","volume":"109","author":"Grimberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2025053120034442100_r16","volume-title":"GeneReviews\u00ae","author":"Driscoll","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025053120034442100_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1159\/000530521","article-title":"The genetic landscape of children born small for gestational age with persistent short stature","volume":"97","author":"Toni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025053120034442100_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2019.04.001","article-title":"A review of growth hormone deficiency","volume":"29","author":"Dattani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health (Oxford)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025053120034442100_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199602000-00018","article-title":"Spontaneous growth and response to growth hormone treatment in children with growth hormone deficiency and idiopathic short stature","volume":"39","author":"Wit","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"issue":"19","key":"2025053120034442100_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11069","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911069","article-title":"Delayed diagnosis of congenital combined pituitary hormone deficiency including severe growth hormone deficiency in children with persistent neonatal hypoglycemia-case reports and review","volume":"23","author":"Smyczy\u0144ska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025053120034442100_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5691","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8068","article-title":"Linear growth characteristics of congenitally GH-deficient infants from birth to one year of age","volume":"86","author":"Pena-Almazan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025053120034442100_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.35.8.336","article-title":"Hypothyroidism","volume":"35","author":"Diaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025053120034442100_r23","first-page":"843","article-title":"Growth, body composition, and cardiovascular and nutritional risk of 5- to 10-y-old children consuming vegetarian, vegan, or omnivore diets","volume":"116","author":"Desmond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025053120034442100_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14778","article-title":"Adherence to different forms of plant-based diets and pregnancy outcomes in the Danish National Birth Cohort: A prospective observational study","volume":"103","author":"Hedegaard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025053120034442100_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1903547","article-title":"Milk and health","volume":"382","author":"Willett","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025053120034442100_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7253","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v55i0.7253","article-title":"Lactase persistence and milk consumption are associated with body height in Swedish preadolescents and adolescents","volume":"55","author":"Almon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Nutr Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025053120034442100_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.002","article-title":"Functional analysis of the IGF-system in milk","volume":"31","author":"Hoeflich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025053120034442100_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2209482119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2209482119","article-title":"Long-term trends in human body size track regional variation in subsistence transitions and growth acceleration linked to dairying","volume":"120","author":"Stock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025053120034442100_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab040","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary and other endocrine surveillance among childhood cancer survivors","volume":"43","author":"van Iersel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"key":"2025053120034442100_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343337","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1343337","article-title":"Children with idiopathic short stature have significantly different gut microbiota than their normal height siblings: a case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Lazar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025053120034442100_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1606","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1069","article-title":"Catecholaminergic axonal varicosities appear to innervate growth hormone-releasing hormone-immunoreactive neurons in the human hypothalamus: the possible morphological substrate of the stress-suppressed growth","volume":"96","author":"Rotoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025053120034442100_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3928\/0090-4481-20000901-09","article-title":"The basics for the diagnosis and management of short stature: a pediatric endocrinologist\u2019s approach","volume":"29","author":"MacGillivray","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Ann."},{"key":"2025053120034442100_r33","article-title":"What growth charts are recommended? Growth chart training","author":"CDC","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025053120034442100_r34","first-page":"180","article-title":"The calculation of target height reconsidered","volume":"59","author":"Hermanussen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Horm Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025053120034442100_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0923","article-title":"Functional and total IGFBP3 for the assessment of disorders of the GH\/IGF1 axis in children with chronic kidney disease, GH deficiency, or short stature after SGA status at birth","volume":"166","author":"B\u00fcscher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025053120034442100_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14364","article-title":"The utility of a random growth hormone level in determining neonatal growth hormone sufficiency","volume":"94","author":"Mamilly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025053120034442100_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1159\/000452150","article-title":"Guidelines for growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I Treatment in children and adolescents: growth hormone deficiency, idiopathic short stature, and primary insulin-like growth factor-I deficiency","volume":"86","author":"Grimberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025053120034442100_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2021-0045","article-title":"Provocative growth hormone testing in children: how did we get here and where do we go now?","volume":"34","author":"Kamoun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025053120034442100_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e3181a7e8f8","article-title":"ACMG practice guideline: genetic evaluation of short stature","volume":"11","author":"Seaver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genet Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025053120034442100_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnad002","article-title":"International consensus guideline on small for gestational age: etiology and management from infancy to early adulthood","volume":"44","author":"Hokken-Koelega","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025053120034442100_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01591.x","article-title":"Height velocity and IGF-I assessment in the diagnosis of childhood onset GH insufficiency: do we still need a second GH stimulation test?","volume":"57","author":"Cianfarani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025053120034442100_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2020.1717615","article-title":"Tanner\u2019s tempo of growth in adolescence: recent SITAR insights with the Harpenden Growth Study and ALSPAC","volume":"47","author":"Cole","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025053120034442100_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.84852","article-title":"History of growth hormone therapy","volume":"15","author":"Ayyar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2025053120034442100_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254231","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1254231","article-title":"Long acting growth hormone (LAGH), an update","volume":"11","author":"Grillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Pediatrics in Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatricsinreview\/article-pdf\/46\/6\/304\/1818356\/pedsinreview.2024006538.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatricsinreview\/article-pdf\/46\/6\/304\/1818356\/pedsinreview.2024006538.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:03:52Z","timestamp":1748736232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/pediatricsinreview\/article\/46\/6\/304\/202068\/Short-Stature-for-the-General-Pediatrician"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/pir.2024-006538","relation":{},"ISSN":["0191-9601","1526-3347"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0191-9601","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-3347","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}}}