{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:12:31Z","timestamp":1788394351550,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Radcliffe Medical Media Ltd","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Atrial fibrillation remains the most common arrhythmia worldwide, with pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) being an essential component in the treatment of this arrhythmia. In view of the close proximity of the oesophagus with the posterior wall of the left atrium, oesophageal injury prevention has become a major concern during PVI procedures. Oesophageal changes varying from erythema to fistulas have been reported, with atrio-oesophageal fistulas being the most feared as they are associated with major morbidity and mortality. This review article provides a detailed description of the risk factors associated with oesophageal injury during ablation, along with an overview of the currently available techniques to prevent oesophageal injury. We expect that this state of the art review will deliver the tools to help electrophysiologists prevent potential oesophageal injuries, as well as increase the focus on research areas in which evidence is lacking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2017.46.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T13:22:07Z","timestamp":1520947327000},"page":"24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Oesophageal Injury During AF Ablation: Techniques for Prevention"],"prefix":"10.15420","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Avendano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Grushko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianfeng","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Zhejiang Sheng, China","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carola","family":"Gianni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, St David\u2019s Medical Center, Austin, USA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Natale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, St David\u2019s Medical Center, Austin, USA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi Di","family":"Biase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, St David\u2019s Medical Center, Austin, USA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6096","reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1. Gillinov AM, Pettersson G, Rice TW. Esophageal injury during radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:1239-40. PMCID: PMC3424480.","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2001.118041"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2. Scanavacca MI, D'\u00c1Vila A, Parga J, Sosa E. Left atrial-esophageal fistula following radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2004;15:960-962. DOI: 10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2004.04083.x; PMID: 15333097.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2004.04083.x"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3. Pappone C, Oral H, Santinelli V, et al. Atrio-esophageal fistula as a complication of percutaneous transcatheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2004;109:2724-6. DOI: 10.1161\/01.CIR.0000131866.44650.46; PMID: 15159294.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000131866.44650.46"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4. Schmidt M, Nolker G, Marschang H, et al. Incidence of oesophageal wall injury post-pulmonary vein antrum isolation for treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation. Europace 2008;10:205-9. DOI: 10.1093\/europace\/eun001; PMID: 18256125.","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eun001"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"5. Di Biase L, Saenz LC, Burkhardt DJ, et al. Esophageal capsule endoscopy after radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: documented higher risk of luminal esophageal damage with general anesthesia as compared with conscious sedation. Circ Arrhyth Electrophysiol 2009;2:108-12. DOI: 10.1161\/CIRCEP.108.815266; PMID: 19808454."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6. Helms A, West JJ, Patel A, et al. Real-time rotational ICE imaging of the relationship of the ablation catheter tip and the esophagus during atrial fibrillation ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009;20:130-7. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2008.01277.x; PMID: 18775048.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2008.01277.x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7. Ho SY, Sanchez-Quintana D, Cabrera JA, et al. Anatomy of the left atrium: implications for radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999;10:1525-33. PMID: 10571372.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00211.x"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8. Berjano EJ, Hornero F. What affects esophageal injury during radiofrequency ablation of the left atrium? An engineering study based on finite-element analysis. Physiol Meas 2005;26:837-48. DOI: 10.1088\/0967-3334\/26\/5\/020; PMID: 16088072.","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/26\/5\/020"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"9. Shah D, Dumonceau JM, Burri H, et al. Acute pyloric spasm and gastric hypomotility: an extracardiac adverse effect of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:327-30. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.04.030; PMID: 16022963."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10. Doll N, Borger MA, Fabricius A, et al. Esophageal perforation during left atrial radiofrequency ablation: Is the risk too high? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125:836-42. DOI: 10.1067\/mtc.2003.165; PMID: 12698146.","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2003.165"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11. Cummings JE, Schweikert RA, Saliba WI, et al. Brief communication: atrial-esophageal fistulas after radiofrequency ablation. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:572-4. PMID: 16618954.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-8-200604180-00007"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12. Ghia KK, Chugh A, Good E, et al. A nationwide survey on the prevalence of atrioesophageal fistula after left atrial radiofrequency catheter ablation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2009;24:33-6. DOI: 10.1007\/s10840-008-9307-1; PMID: 18836822.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-008-9307-1"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13. Cappato R, Calkins H, Chen SA, et al. Prevalence and causes of fatal outcome in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1798-803. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.02.022; PMID: 19422987.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.02.022"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14. Zellerhoff S, Ullerich H, Lenze F, et al. Damage to the esophagus after atrial fibrillation ablation: Just the tip of the iceberg? High prevalence of mediastinal changes diagnosed by endosonography. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010;3:155-9. DOI: 10.1161\/CIRCEP.109.915918; PMID: 20194799.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.109.915918"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15. Barbhaiya CR, Kumar S, John RM, et al. Global survey of esophageal and gastric injury in atrial fibrillation ablation: incidence, time to presentation, and outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65:1377-8. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.12.053; PMID: 25835452.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.12.053"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16. Martinek M, Bencsik G, Aichinger J, et al. Esophageal damage during radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation: impact of energy settings, lesion sets, and esophageal visualization. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009;20:726-33. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2008.01426.x; PMID: 19207781.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2008.01426.x"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17. Martinek M, Meyer C, Hassanein S, et al. Identification of a high-risk population for esophageal injury during radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: procedural and anatomical considerations. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:1224-30. DOI: 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2010.02.027; PMID: 20188859.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2010.02.027"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.08.042","article-title":"Movement of the esophagus during left atrial catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation","volume":"46","author":"Good","year":"2005","unstructured":"18. Good E, Oral H, Lemola K, et al. Movement of the esophagus during left atrial catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:2107-10.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19. Redfearn DP, Trim GM, Skanes AC, et al. Esophageal temperature monitoring during radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005;16:589-93. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2005.40825.x; PMID: 15946354.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2005.40825.x"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20. Perzanowski C, Teplitsky L, Hranitzky PM, Bahnson TD. Real-time monitoring of luminal esophageal temperature during left atrial radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: observations about esophageal heating during ablation at the pulmonary vein ostia and posterior left atrium. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006;17:166-70. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2005.00333.x; PMID: 16533254.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2005.00333.x"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"21. Cummings JE, Schweikert RA, Saliba WI, et al. Assessment of temperature, proximity, and course of the esophagus during radiofrequency ablation within the left atrium. Circulation 2005;112:459-64. DOI: 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.509612; PMID: 16027254."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22. West JJ, Norton PT, Kramer CM, et al. Characterization of the mitral isthmus for atrial fibrillation ablation using intracardiac ultrasound from within the coronary sinus. Heart Rhythm 2008;5:19-27. DOI: 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2007.08.029; PMID: 18180018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2007.08.029"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23. Kenigsberg DN, Lee BP, Grizzard JD, et al. Accuracy of intracardiac echocardiography for assessing the esophageal course along the posterior left atrium: a comparison to magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007;18:169-73. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2006.00699.x; PMID: 17212594.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2006.00699.x"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"24. Mackensen GB, Hegland D, Rivera D, et al. Real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography during left atrial radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2008;1:85-6. DOI: 10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.107.763128; PMID: 19808518.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.107.763128"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"25. Sherzer AI, Feigenblum DY, Kulkarni S,Continuous nonfluoroscopic localization of the esophagus during radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007;18:157-60. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2006.00674.x; PMID: 17338764.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2006.00674.x"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26. Hornero F, Berjano EJ. Esophageal temperature during radiofrequency-catheter ablation of left atrium: a three-dimensional computer modeling study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006;17:405-10. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2006.00674.x; PMID: 17338764.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2006.00404.x"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"27. Kuwahara T, Takahashi A, Kobori A, et al. Safe and effective ablation of atrial fibrillation: importance of esophageal temperature monitoring to avoid periesophageal nerve injury as a complication of pulmonary vein isolation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009;20:1-6. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2008.01280.x; PMID: 18775045.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2008.01280.x"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"28. Deneke T, Bunz K, Bastian A, et al. Utility of esophageal temperature monitoring during pulmonary vein isolation for atrial fibrillation using duty-cycled phased radiofrequency ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011;22:255-61. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2010.01916.x; PMID: 20958829.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2010.01916.x"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29. Muller P, Dietrich JW, Halbfass P, et al. Higher incidence of esophageal lesions after ablation of atrial fibrillation related to the use of esophageal temperature probes. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:1464-9. DOI: 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.04.005; PMID: 25847474.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.04.005"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"30. Nguyen DT, Barham W, Zheng L, et al. Effect of radiofrequency energy delivery in proximity to metallic medical device components. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:2162-9. DOI: 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.05.011; PMID: 26048195.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.05.011"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31. Perez JJ, D'Avila A, Aryana A, Berjano E. Electrical and thermal effects of esophageal temperature probes on radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: results from a computational modeling study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2015;26:556-64. DOI: 10.1111\/jce.12630; PMID: 25648533.","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12630"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32. Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, et al. 2017 HRS\/EHRA\/ECAS\/APHRS\/SOLAECE Expert Consensus Statement on Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2017. Europace 2018;20:157-208. DOI: 10.1093\/europace\/eux275. PMID: 29016841.","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eux275"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"33. Nakagawa H, Jackman WM. The role of contact force in atrial fibrillation ablation. J Atr Fibrillation 2014;7:1027. DOI: 10.4022\/jafib.1027; PMID: 27957075."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"34. Sanchez-Quintana D, Cabrera JA, Climent V, et al. Anatomic relations between the esophagus and left atrium and relevance for ablation of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2005;112:1400-5. DOI: 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.551291; PMID: 16129790.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.551291"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"35. Black-Maier E, Pokorney SD, Barnett AS, et al. Risk of atrioesophageal fistula formation with contact force-sensing catheters. Heart Rhythm 2017;14:1328-33. DOI: 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.04.024.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.04.024"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"36. Gianni C, Atoui M, Mohanty S, et al. Difference in thermodynamics between two types of esophageal temperature probes: Insights from an experimental study. Heart Rhythm 2016;13:2195-200. DOI: 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.07.021; PMID: 27451285.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.07.021"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"37. Tschabrunn CM, Silverstein J, Berzin T, et al. Comparison between single- and multi-sensor oesophageal temperature probes during atrial fibrillation ablation: thermodynamic characteristics. Europace 2015;17:891-7. DOI: 10.1093\/europace\/euu356; PMID: 25777771.","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euu356"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"38. Deneke T, Schade A, Muller P, et al. Acute safety and efficacy of a novel multipolar irrigated radiofrequency ablation catheter for pulmonary vein isolation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2014;25:339-45. DOI: 10.1111\/jce.12316; PMID: 24237612.","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12316"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39. Halm U, Gaspar T, Zachaus M, et al. Thermal esophageal lesions after radiofrequency catheter ablation of left atrial arrhythmias. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:551-6. DOI: 10.1038\/ajg.2009.625; PMID: 19888201.","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.625"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40. Vurma M, Dang L, Brunner-La Rocca HP, et al. Safety and efficacy of the nMARQ catheter for paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. Europace 2016;18:1164-9. DOI: 10.1093\/europace\/euw048; PMID: 27247003.","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euw048"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"41. Nakagawa H, Yamanashi WS, Pitha JV, et al. Comparison of in vivo tissue temperature profile and lesion geometry for radiofrequency ablation with a saline-irrigated electrode versus temperature control in a canine thigh muscle preparation. Circulation 1995;91:2264-73. PMID: 7697856.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.91.8.2264"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"42. Sato D, Teramoto K, Kitajima H, et al. Benefit to decrease esophageal damage using an ablation catheter with increased irrigation channels for pulmonary vein isolation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2013;36:618-25. DOI: 10.1111\/pace.12094; PMID: 23437787.","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.12094"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.09.001","article-title":"Impact of lowering irrigation flow rate on atrial lesion formation in thin atrial tissue","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","unstructured":"43. Kumar S, Romero J, Stevenson WG, et al. Impact of lowering irrigation flow rate on atrial lesion formation in thin atrial tissue. JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology 2017;3:1114-25.","journal-title":"JACC"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"44. Chugh A, Rubenstein J, Good E, et al. Mechanical displacement of the esophagus in patients undergoing left atrial ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2009;6:319-22. DOI: 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2008.12.010; PMID: 19251204.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2008.12.010"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"45. Koruth JS, Reddy VY, Miller MA, et al. Mechanical esophageal displacement during catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012;23:147-54. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2011.02162.x; PMID: 21914018.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2011.02162.x"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"46. Herweg B, Johnson N, Postler G, et al. Mechanical esophageal deflection during ablation of atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2006;29:957-61. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2006.00470.x; PMID: 16981919.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2006.00470.x"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(17)33795-6","article-title":"Use of an esophageal retractor to prevent thermal injuries during atrial fibrillation ablation: a multi-center experience","volume":"69","author":"Parikh","year":"2017","unstructured":"47. Parikh V, Lavu M, Jazayeri M-A, et al. Use of an esophageal retractor to prevent thermal injuries during atrial fibrillation ablation: a multi-center experience. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:406.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.03.017","article-title":"The extent of mechanical esophageal deviation to avoid esophageal heating during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"3","author":"Palaniswamy","year":"2017","unstructured":"48. Palaniswamy C, Koruth JS, Mittnacht AJ, et al. The extent of mechanical esophageal deviation to avoid esophageal heating during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology 2017;3:1146-54.","journal-title":"JACC"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"49. Buch E, Vaseghi M, Cesario DA, Shivkumar K. A novel method for preventing phrenic nerve injury during catheter ablation. Heart Rhythm 2007;4:95-8. DOI: 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.09.019; PMID: 17198999.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.09.019"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"50. Buch E, Nakahara S, Shivkumar K. Intra-pericardial balloon retraction of the left atrium: a novel method to prevent esophageal injury during catheter ablation. Heart Rhythm 2008;5:1473-5. DOI: 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2008.06.023; PMID: 18783994.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2008.06.023"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"51. Nakahara S, Ramirez RJ, Buch E, et al. Intrapericardial balloon placement for prevention of collateral injury during catheter ablation of the left atrium in a porcine model. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:81-7. DOI: 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.09.022; PMID: 19914143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.09.022"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"52. Yokoyama K, Nakagawa H, Seres KA, et al. Canine model of esophageal injury and atrial-esophageal fistula after applications of forward-firing high-intensity focused ultrasound and side-firing unfocused ultrasound in the left atrium and inside the pulmonary vein. Circ Arrhyth Electrophysiol 2009;2:41-9. DOI: 10.1161\/CIRCEP.108.807925; PMID: 19808443.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.108.807925"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"53. Martinek M, Hassanein S, Bencsik G, et al. Acute development of gastroesophageal reflux after radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2009;6:1457-62. DOI: 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.06.022; PMID: 19716773.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.06.022"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"54. Marrouche NF, Guenther J, Segerson NM, et al. Randomized comparison between open irrigation technology and intracardiac-echo-guided energy delivery for pulmonary vein antrum isolation: procedural parameters, outcomes, and the effect on esophageal injury. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007;18:583-8. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2007.00879.x; PMID: 17490437.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2007.00879.x"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"55. Stevenson WG, Saltzman JR. Gastroesophageal reflux and atrial-esophageal fistula. Heart Rhythm 2009;6:1463-4. DOI: 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.07.023; PMID: 19968925.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.07.023"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"56. Ripley KL, Gage AA, Olsen DB, et al. Time course of esophageal lesions after catheter ablation with cryothermal and radiofrequency ablation: implication for atrio-esophageal fistula formation after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007;18:642-6. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2007.00790.x; PMID: 17428270.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2007.00790.x"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"57. Khairy P, Chauvet P, Lehmann J, et al. Lower incidence of thrombus formation with cryoenergy versus radiofrequency catheter ablation. Circulation 2003;107:2045-50. DOI: 10.1161\/01.CIR.0000058706.82623.A1; PMID: 12668527.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000058706.82623.A1"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"58. Moreira W, Manusama R, Timmermans C, et al. Long-term follow-up after cryothermic ostial pulmonary vein isolation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:850-5. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.08.065; PMID: 18294571.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.08.065"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"59. Andrade JG, Khairy P, Guerra PG, et al. Efficacy and safety of cryoballoon ablation for atrial fibrillation: a systematic review of published studies. Heart Rhythm 2011;8:1444-51. DOI: 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.03.050; PMID: 21457789.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.03.050"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"60. Ahmed H, Neuzil P, d'Avila A, et al. The esophageal effects of cryoenergy during cryoablation for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2009;6:962-9. DOI: 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.03.051; PMID: 19560085.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.03.051"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"61. John RM, Kapur S, Ellenbogen KA, Koneru JN. Atrioesophageal fistula formation with cryoballoon ablation is most commonly related to the left inferior pulmonary vein. Heart Rhythm 2017;14:184-9. DOI: 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.10.018; PMID: 27769853.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.10.018"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"62. Arruda MS, Armaganijan L, Di Biase L, et al. Feasibility and safety of using an esophageal protective system to eliminate esophageal thermal injury: implications on atrial-esophageal fistula following AF ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009;20:1272-8. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2009.01536.x; PMID: 19572955.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2009.01536.x"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"63. Kuwahara T, Takahashi A, Okubo K, et al. Oesophageal cooling with ice water does not reduce the incidence of oesophageal lesions complicating catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: randomized controlled study. Europace 2014;16:834-9. DOI: 10.1093\/europace\/eut368; PMID: 24469436.","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eut368"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"64. Kapur S, Barbhaiya C, Deneke T, Michaud GF. Esophageal injury and atrioesophageal fistula caused by ablation for atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2017;136:1247-55. DOI: 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.025827; PMID: 28947480.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.025827"},{"key":"ref64","unstructured":"65. Keshishian J, Young J, Hill E, Saloum Y, Brady PG. Esophageal injury following radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation: injury classification. Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY). 2012;8:411-4."}],"container-title":["Arrhythmia &amp; Electrophysiology Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerjournal.com\/articles\/oesophageal-injury-during-af-ablation-techniques-prevention","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T11:38:28Z","timestamp":1603107508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerjournal.com\/articles\/oesophageal-injury-during-af-ablation-techniques-prevention"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"alternative-id":["aer.2017.46.2"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/aer.2017.46.2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-3369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-3369","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}