{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T23:58:44Z","timestamp":1788566324102,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Radcliffe Medical Media Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are many factors contributing to the failure of conventional CRT with biventricular pacing, including coronary anatomy and an inability to stimulate diseased tissue. In this paper, we review evolving conduction system pacing (CSP), a physiological alternative to conventional CRT. CSP allows correction of bundle branch block and provides new opportunities to address multiple limitations of conventional CRT. Further studies are required to determine how the techniques are best applied in specific clinical situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2024.10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T10:52:03Z","timestamp":1740048723000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Conduction System Pacing for CRT: A Physiological Alternative"],"prefix":"10.15420","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8645-4817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bengt","family":"Herweg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, US; Tampa General Hospital. Tampa, FL, US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9007-9610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mishal","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2230-100X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pugazhendhi","family":"Vijayaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisinger Heart Institute, Wilkes-Barre, PA, US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6096","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Narula OS. Longitudinal dissociation in the His bundle. Bundle branch block due to asynchronous conduction within the His bundle in man. Circulation 1977;56:996\u20131006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.56.6.996; PMID:\u00a0923070.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.56.6.996"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scherlag BJ, El-Sherif N, Hope RR, Lazzara R. The significance of dissociation of conduction in the canine His bundle. Electrophysiological studies in vivo and in vitro. J Electrocardiol 1978;11:343\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-0736(78)80140-x; PMID:\u00a0712285.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-0736(78)80140-x"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"El-Sherif N, Amay-Y-Leon F, Schonfield C, et al. Normalization of bundle branch block patterns by distal His bundle pacing. Clinical and experimental evidence of longitudinal dissociation in the pathologic his bundle. Circulation 1978;57:473\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.57.3.473; PMID:\u00a0624157.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.57.3.473"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deshmukh P, Casavant DA, Romanyshyn M, Anderson K. Permanent, direct His-bundle pacing: a novel approach to cardiac pacing in patients with normal His\u2013Purkinje activation. Circulation 2000;101:869\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.101.8.869; PMID:\u00a010694526.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.101.8.869"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lustgarten DL, Calame S, Crespo EM, et al. Electrical resynchronization induced by direct His-bundle pacing. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:15\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.09.066; PMID:\u00a019914142.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.09.066"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morina-Vazquez P, Barba-Richardo R, Venegas-Gamero J, Herrera-Carranza M. Cardiac resynchronization through selective His bundle pacing in a patient with the so-called InfraHis atrioventricular block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005;28:726\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2005.00150.x; PMID:\u00a016008812.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2005.00150.x"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Mower MM, inventor. Mirowski Family Ventures LLC, assignee. Method and apparatus for treating hemodynamic dysfunction by simultaneous pacing of both ventricles. US patent no. US4928688A. 29 May 1990."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cazeau S, Ritter P, Bakdach S, et al. Four chamber pacing in dilated cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1994;17:1974\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1994.tb03783.x; PMID:\u00a07845801.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1994.tb03783.x"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Auricchio A, Stellbrink C, Sack S, et al. Long-term clinical effect of hemodynamically optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure and ventricular conduction delay. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:2026\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0735-1097(02)01895-8; PMID:\u00a012084604.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0735-1097(02)01895-8"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Linde C, Gold MR, Abraham WT, et al. Long-term impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy in mild heart failure: 5-year results from the REsynchronization reVErses Remodeling in Systolic left vEntricular dysfunction (REVERSE) study. Eur Heart J 2013;34:2592\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht160; PMID:\u00a023641006.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht160"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1329\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0906431; PMID:\u00a019723701.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0906431"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Diaz JC, Duque M, Aristizabal J, et al. The emerging role of left bundle branch area pacing for cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2023;12:e29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/aer.2023.15; PMID:\u00a038173800.","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2023.15"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ezzeddine FM, Leon IG, Cha Y-M. Cardiac resynchronisation with conduction system pacing. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2023;12:e22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/aer.2023.03; PMID:\u00a037654672.","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2023.03"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Teigeler T, Kolominsky J, Vo C, et al. Intermediate-term performance and safety of His-bundle pacing leads: a single-center experience. Heart Rhythm 2021;18:743\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.12.031; PMID:\u00a033418127.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.12.031"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu Q, You H, Chen K, et al. Distance between the lead-implanted site and tricuspid valve annulus in patients with left bundle branch pacing: effects on postoperative tricuspid regurgitation deterioration. Heart Rhythm 2023;20:217\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2022.10.027; PMID:\u00a036347456.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2022.10.027"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ponnusamy SS, Murugan M, Ganesan V, Vijayaraman P. Predictors of procedural failure of left bundle branch pacing in scarred left ventricle. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2023;34:760\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jce.15853; PMID:\u00a036738155.","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.15853"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herweg B, Welter-Frost A, Vijayaraman P. The evolution of cardiac resynchronization therapy and an introduction to conduction system pacing: a conceptual review. Europace 2021;23:496\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/euaa264; PMID:\u00a033247913.","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaa264"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shimony A, Eisenberg MJ, Filion KB, Amit G. Beneficial effects of right ventricular non-apical vs. apical pacing: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Europace 2012;14:81\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/eur240; PMID:\u00a021798880.","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eur240"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herweg B, Ilercil A, Madramootoo C, et al. Latency during left ventricular pacing from the lateral cardiac veins: a cause of ineffectual biventricular pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2006;29:574\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2006.00404.x; PMID:\u00a016784422.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2006.00404.x"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herweg B, Ali R, Ilercil A, et al. Site-specific differences in latency intervals during biventricular pacing: impact on paced QRS morphology and echo-optimized V-V interval. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2010;33:1382\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2010.02882.x; PMID:\u00a020735713.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2010.02882.x"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herweg B, Barold SS. Anodal capture with second-generation biventricular cardioverter-defibrillator. Acta Cardiol 2003;58:435\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2143\/AC.58.5.2005310; PMID:\u00a014609311.","DOI":"10.2143\/ac.58.5.2005310"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tamborero D, Mont L, Alanis R, et al. Anodal capture in cardiac resynchronization therapy implications for device programming. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2006;29:940\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2006.00466.x; PMID:\u00a016981916.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2006.00466.x"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D\u2019Onofrio A, Caico SI, Iuliano A, et al. Incidence, predictors, and impact on outcome of increased left ventricular latency in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2018;51:245\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10840-018-0321-7; PMID:\u00a029502194.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-018-0321-7"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pappone C, \u0106alovi\u0107 \u017d, Vicedomini G, et al. Improving cardiac resynchronization therapy response with multipoint left ventricular pacing: twelve-month follow-up study. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:1250\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.02.008; PMID:\u00a025678057.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.02.008"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zanon F, Baracca E, Pastore G, et al. Multipoint pacing by a left ventricular quadripolar lead improves the acute hemodynamic response to CRT compared with conventional biventricular pacing at any site. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:975\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.01.034; PMID:\u00a025625721.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.01.034"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fyenbo DB, Bjerre HL, Frausing MHJP, et al. Targeted left ventricular lead positioning to the site of latest activation in cardiac resynchronization therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace 2023;25:euad267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/euad267; PMID:\u00a037695316.","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euad267"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Santoro A, Landra F, Marallo C, et al. Biventricular or conduction system pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: a strategy for cardiac resynchronization based on a hybrid approach. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023;10:169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd10040169; PMID:\u00a037103048.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd10040169"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Gelder BM, Bracke FA, Meijer A, Pijls NH. The hemodynamic effect of intrinsic conduction during left ventricular pacing as compared to biventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:2305\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.02.098; PMID:\u00a016360063.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.02.098"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Birnie D, Lemke B, Aonuma K, et al. Clinical outcomes with synchronized left ventricular pacing: analysis of the adaptive CRT trial. Heart Rhythm 2013;10:1368\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2013.07.007; PMID:\u00a023851059.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2013.07.007"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hsu JC, Birnie D, Stadler RW, et al. Adaptive cardiac resynchronization therapy is associated with decreased risk of incident atrial fibrillation compared to standard biventricular pacing: a real-world analysis of 37,450 patients followed by remote monitoring. Heart Rhythm 2019;16:983\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.05.012; PMID:\u00a031102750.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.05.012"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Waddingham PH, Lambiase P, Muthumala A, et al. Fusion pacing with biventricular, left ventricular-only and multipoint pacing in cardiac resynchronisation therapy: latest evidence and strategies for use. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2021;10:91\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/aer.2020.49; PMID:\u00a034401181.","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2020.49"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ja\u00efs P, Douard H, Shah DC, et al. Endocardial biventricular pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21:2128\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1998.tb01133.x; PMID:\u00a09826866.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1998.tb01133.x"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Deursen C, van Geldorp IE, Rademakers LM, et al. Left ventricular endocardial pacing improves resynchronization therapy in canine left bundle-branch hearts. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2009;2:580\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCEP.108.846022; PMID:\u00a019843927.","DOI":"10.1161\/circep.108.846022"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gasparini M, Galimberti P. AV junction ablation in heart failure patients with atrial fibrillation treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy: the picture is now clear! J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:727\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.081; PMID:\u00a022340264.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.081"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuan Z, Cheng L, Wu Y. Meta-analysis comparing safety and efficacy of left bundle branch area pacing versus His bundle pacing. Am J Cardiol 2022;164:64\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.10.025; PMID:\u00a034887071.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.10.025"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma PS, Dandamudi G, Herweg B, et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing as an alternative to biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: a multicenter experience. Heart Rhythm 2018;15:413\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.10.014; PMID:\u00a029031929.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.10.014"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang W, Su L, Wu S, et al. A novel pacing strategy with low and stable output: pacing the left bundle branch immediately beyond the conduction block. Can J Cardiol 2017;33:1736.e1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjca.2017.09.013; PMID:\u00a029173611.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2017.09.013"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vijayaraman P, Subzposh FA, Naperkowski A, et al. Prospective evaluation of feasibility and electrophysiologic and echocardiographic characteristics of left bundle branch area pacing. Heart Rhythm 2019;16:1774\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.05.011; PMID:\u00a031136869.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.05.011"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor M, Shi R, Kramer DB, et al. Conduction system pacing learning curve: left bundle pacing compared to His bundle pacing. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2023;44:101171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcha.2023.101171; PMID:\u00a036660200.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2023.101171"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arnold AD, Shun-Shin MJ, Keene D, et al. His resynchronization versus biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and left bundle branch block. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:3112\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.073; PMID:\u00a030545450.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.073"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salden FCWM, Luermans JGLM, Westra SW, et al. Short-term hemodynamic and electrophysiological effects of cardiac resynchronization by left ventricular septal pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75:347\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.040; PMID:\u00a032000945.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.040"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ali N, Arnold AD, Miyazawa AA, et al. Comparison of methods for delivering cardiac resynchronization therapy: an acute electrical and haemodynamic within-patient comparison of left bundle branch area, His bundle, and biventricular pacing. Europace 2023;25:1060\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/euac245; PMID:\u00a036734205.","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euac245"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elliott MK, Strocchi M, Sieniewicz BJ, et al. Biventricular endocardial pacing and left bundle branch area pacing for cardiac resynchronization: mechanistic insights from electrocardiographic imaging, acute hemodynamic response, and magnetic resonance imaging. Heart Rhythm 2023;20:207\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2022.10.019; PMID:\u00a036575808.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2022.10.019"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kato H, Yanagisawa S, Sakurai T, et al. Efficacy of His bundle pacing on LV relaxation and clinical improvement in HF and LBBB. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2022;8:59\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacep.2021.06.011; PMID:\u00a034454880.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2021.06.011"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herweg B, Roy D, Welter-Frost A, et al. His bundle pacing improves left ventricular diastolic function in patients with heart failure with preserved systolic function. HeartRhythm Case Rep 2022;8:437\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrcr.2022.03.014; PMID:\u00a035774201.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrcr.2022.03.014"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herweg B, Sharma PS, Cano \u00d3, et al. Arrhythmic risk in biventricular pacing compared with left bundle branch area pacing: results from the I-CLAS study. Circulation 2024;149:379\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067465; PMID:\u00a037950738.","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.123.067465"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nayak HM, Verdino RJ, Russo AM, et al. Ventricular tachycardia storm after initiation of biventricular pacing: incidence, clinical characteristics, management, and outcome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008;19:708\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2008.01122.x; PMID:\u00a018363690.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2008.01122.x"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fish JM, Brugada J, Antzelevitch C. Potential proarrhythmic effects of biventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:2340\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.08.035; PMID:\u00a016360069.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.08.035"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fish JM, Di Diego JM, Nesterenko V, Antzelevitch C. Epicardial activation of left ventricular wall prolongs QT interval and transmural dispersion of repolarization: implications for biventricular pacing. Circulation 2004;109:2136\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.CIR.0000127423.75608.A4; PMID:\u00a015078801.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000127423.75608.a4"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roque C, Trevisi N, Silberbauer J, et al. Electrical storm induced by cardiac resynchronization therapy is determined by pacing on epicardial scar and can be successfully managed by catheter ablation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014;7:1064\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCEP.114.001796; PMID:\u00a025221332.","DOI":"10.1161\/circep.114.001796"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mori\u00f1a-V\u00e1zquez P, Moraleda-Salas MT, L\u00f3pez-Masjuan-R\u00edos \u00c1, et al. Improvement in electrocardiographic parameters of repolarization related to sudden death in patients with ventricular dysfunction and left bundle branch block after cardiac resynchronization through His bundle pacing. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2023;66:2003\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10840-023-01526-8; PMID:\u00a036930350.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-023-01526-8"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sofi A, Vijayaraman P, Barold SS, Herweg B. Utilization of permanent His-bundle pacing for management of proarrhythmia related to biventricular pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2017;40:451\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pace.12997; PMID:\u00a028000309.","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.12997"},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"Chung MK, Patton KK, Lau CP, et al. 2023 HRS\/APHRS\/LAHRS guideline on cardiac physiologic pacing for the avoidance and mitigation of heart failure. Heart Rhythm 2023;20: e17\u2013e91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2023.03.1538; PMID:\u00a037283271."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cleland JG, Abraham WT, Linde C, et al. An individual patient meta-analysis of five randomized trials assessing the effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on morbidity and mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2013;34:3547\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht290; PMID:\u00a023900696.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht290"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma PS, Naperkowski A, Bauch TD, et al. Permanent His bundle pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure and right bundle branch block. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2018;11:e006613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCEP.118.006613; PMID:\u00a030354292.","DOI":"10.1161\/circep.118.006613"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vijayaraman P, Cano O, Ponnusamy SS, et al. Left bundle branch area pacing in patients with heart failure and right bundle branch block: results from International LBBAP Collaborative-Study Group. Heart Rhythm O2 2022;3:358\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hroo.2022.05.004; PMID:\u00a036097454.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2022.05.004"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zweerink A, Zubarev S, Bakelants E, et al. His-optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy with ventricular fusion pacing for electrical resynchronization in heart failure. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021;7:881\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.11.029; PMID:\u00a033640346.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.11.029"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deshmukh A, Sattur S, Bechtol T, et al. Sequential His bundle and left ventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020;31:2448\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jce.14674; PMID:\u00a032666630.","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14674"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vijayaraman P, Herweg B, Ellenbogen KA, Gajek J. His-optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy to maximize electrical resynchronization: a feasibility study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2019;12:e006934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCEP.118.006934; PMID:\u00a030681348.","DOI":"10.1161\/circep.118.006934"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jastrz\u0119bski M, Moskal P, Huybrechts W, et al. Left bundle branch-optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy (LOT-CRT): results from an international LBBAP collaborative study group. Heart Rhythm 2022;19:13\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.07.057; PMID:\u00a034339851.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.07.057"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vijayaraman P, Pokharel P, Subzposh FA, et al. His\u2013Purkinje conduction system pacing optimized trial of cardiac resynchronization therapy vs biventricular pacing: HOT-CRT clinical trial. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2023;9:2628\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.08.003; PMID:\u00a037715742.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.08.003"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jastrz\u0119bski M, Foley P, Chandrasekaran B, et al. Multicenter hemodynamic assessment of the LOT-CRT strategy: when does combining left bundle branch pacing and coronary venous pacing enhance resynchronization? Primary results of the CSPOT-study. Circulation Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 2024;17:e013059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circep.124.013059; PMID:\u00a039440428.","DOI":"10.1161\/circep.124.013059"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Upadhyay GA, Cherian T, Shatz DY, et al. Intracardiac delineation of septal conduction in left bundle-branch block patterns. Circulation 2019;139:1876\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038648; PMID:\u00a030704273.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038648"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lustgarten DL, Crespo EM, Arkhipova-Jenkins I, et al. His-bundle pacing versus biventricular pacing in cardiac resynchronization therapy patients: a crossover design comparison. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:1548\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.03.048; PMID:\u00a025828601.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.03.048"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ajijola OA, Upadhyay GA, Macias C, et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: initial feasibility study in lieu of left ventricular lead. Heart Rhythm 2017;14:1353\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.04.003; PMID:\u00a028400315.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.04.003"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang W, Su L, Wu S, et al. Long-term outcomes of His bundle pacing in patients with heart failure with left bundle branch block. Heart 2019;105:137\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-313415; PMID:\u00a030093543.","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-313415"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barba-Pichardo R, Manovel S\u00e1nchez A, Fern\u00e1ndez-G\u00f3mez JM, et al. Ventricular resynchronization therapy by direct His-bundle pacing using an internal cardioverter defibrillator. Europace 2013;15:83\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/eus228; PMID:\u00a022933662.","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eus228"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Upadhyay GA, Vijayaraman P, Nayak HM, et al. On-treatment comparison between corrective His bundle pacing and biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization: a secondary analysis of the His-SYNC Pilot Trial. Heart Rhythm 2019;16:1797\u2013807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.05.009; PMID:\u00a031096064.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.05.009"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu S, Su L, Vijayaraman P, et al. Left bundle branch pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: nonrandomized on-treatment comparison with His bundle pacing and biventricular pacing. Can J Cardiol 2021;37:319\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.04.037; PMID:\u00a032387225.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.04.037"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mori\u00f1a-V\u00e1zquez P, Moraleda-Salas MT, Rodr\u00edguez-Albarr\u00e1n A, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy: a comparative non-randomized study of His bundle pacing versus biventricular pacing. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2023;66:1077\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10840-022-01192-2; PMID:\u00a035352219.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-022-01192-2"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mori\u00f1a-V\u00e1zquez P, Moraleda-Salas MT, Manovel-S\u00e1nchez AJ, et al. Early improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction by cardiac resynchronization through His bundle pacing in patients with heart failure. Europace 2020;22:125\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/euz296; PMID:\u00a031746996.","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euz296"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vinther M, Risum N, Svendsen JH, et al. A randomized trial of His pacing versus biventricular pacing in symptomatic HF patients with left bundle branch block (His-alternative). JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021;7:1422\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacep.2021.04.003; PMID:\u00a034167929.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2021.04.003"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Upadhyay GA, Vijayaraman P, Nayak HM, et al. His corrective pacing or biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74:157\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.04.026; PMID:\u00a031078637.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.04.026"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Whinnett ZI, Shun-Shin MJ, Tanner M, et al. Effects of haemodynamically atrio-ventricular optimized His bundle pacing on heart failure symptoms and exercise capacity: the His Optimized Pacing Evaluated for Heart Failure (HOPE-HF) randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2023;25:274\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.2736; PMID:\u00a036404397.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2736"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang S, Wu S, Xu L, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of His bundle pacing or left bundle pacing combined with atrioventricular node ablation in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy. J Am Heart Assoc 2019;8:e014253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.119.014253; PMID:\u00a031830874.","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.119.014253"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Gu K, Qian Z, et al. The efficacy of left bundle branch area pacing compared with biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure: a matched case-control study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020;31:2068\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jce.14628; PMID:\u00a032562442.","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14628"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li X, Qiu C, Xie R, et al. Left bundle branch area pacing delivery of cardiac resynchronization therapy and comparison with biventricular pacing. ESC Heart Fail 2020;7:1711\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.12731; PMID:\u00a032400967.","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12731"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zu L, Wang Z, Hang F, et al. Cardiac resynchronization performed by LBBaP-CRT in patients with cardiac insufficiency and left bundle branch block. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2021;26:e12898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anec.12898; PMID:\u00a034550625.","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12898"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua J, Chen Y, Yu J, et al. Long-term outcomes of left bundle branch area pacing versus biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and complete left bundle branch block. Heart Vessels 2022;37:1162\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1s007\/s00380-021-02016-5; PMID:\u00a035088204.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-021-02016-5"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vijayaraman P, Zalavadia D, Haseeb A, et al. Clinical outcomes of conduction system pacing compared to biventricular pacing in patients requiring cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 2022;19:1263\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2022.04.023; PMID:\u00a035500791.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2022.04.023"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Diaz JC, Sauer WH, Duque M, et al. Left bundle branch area pacing versus biventricular pacing as initial strategy for cardiac resynchronization. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2023;9:1568\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.04.015; PMID:\u00a037212761.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.04.015"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shroff JP, Raja DC, Tuan LQ, et al. Efficacy of left bundle branch area pacing versus biventricular pacing in patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy: select site \u2013 cohort study. Heart Rhythm 2024;21:893\u2013900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.02.024; PMID:\u00a038367889.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.02.024"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu H, Qin C, Du A, et al. Comparisons of long-term clinical outcomes with left bundle branch pacing, left ventricular septal pacing and biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.03.007; PMID:\u00a038461922; epub ahead of press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.03.007"},{"key":"ref83","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhu H, Hou X, et al. Randomized trial of left bundle branch vs biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022;80:1205\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.07.019; PMID:\u00a036137670."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pujol-Lopez M, Jim\u00e9nez-Arjona R, Garre P, et al. Conduction system pacing vs biventricular pacing in heart failure and wide QRS patients. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2022;8:1431\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacep.2022.08.001; PMID:\u00a036424012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2022.08.001"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang W, Wu S, Vijayaraman P, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy using left bundle branch pacing. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2020;6:849\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.04.011; PMID:\u00a032703568.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.04.011"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijayaraman P, Ponnusamy S, Cano O, et al. Left bundle branch area pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from the International LBBAP Collaborative Study Group. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021;7:135\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.08.015; PMID:\u00a033602393.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2021.04.005"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mehta NA, Saqi B, Sabzwari SRA, et al. Durability of left bundle branch area pacing. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2022;33:1529\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jce.15545; PMID:\u00a035586896.","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.15545"},{"key":"ref88","unstructured":"Vijayaraman P, Sharma PS, Cano O, et al. Comparison of left bundle branch area pacing and biventricular pacing in candidates for resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023;82:228\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.05.006; PMID:\u00a037220862."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Williams DO, Scherlag BJ, Hope RR, El-Sherif N, Lazzara R, Samet P. Selective versus non-selective His bundle pacing. Cardiovasc Res 1976;10(1):91\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/10.1.91; PMID:\u00a01253199.","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/10.1.91"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daubert JC, Ritter P, Le Breton H, et al. Permanent left ventricular pacing with transvenous leads inserted into the coronary veins. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21:239\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1998.tb01096.x; PMID:\u00a09474680.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1998.tb01096.x"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herweg B, Welter-Frost A, Wilson II DR, Vijayaraman P. Conduction system pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2022;14:297\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccep.2021.12.005; PMID:\u00a035715087.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccep.2021.12.005"}],"container-title":["Arrhythmia &amp; Electrophysiology Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerjournal.com\/articleindex\/aer.2024.10","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T10:52:14Z","timestamp":1740048734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerjournal.com\/articleindex\/aer.2024.10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"references-count":92,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/aer.2024.10","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-3377","2050-3369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-3377","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2050-3369","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"article-number":"e04"}}