{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T08:03:44Z","timestamp":1784707424273,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Radcliffe Medical Media Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: This study aimed to systematically review and synthesise existing real-world evidence on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with post-ablation AF recurrence in east Asia. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, main Chinese- and English-language databases were searched for observational studies published from 2019 to 2024. Inclusion criteria targeted East Asian patients aged \u226518 years with post-ablation AF recurrence. Two independent reviewers conducted study selection, data extraction and quality assessment using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale. Meta-analyses were performed using a random effects model to synthesise the extracted data. Results: A total of 68 studies involving 28,750 patients were included. Paroxysmal AF accounted for about half of the population (53.4%; 95% CI [47.8\u201358.9]). Common comorbidities included hypertension (52.6%; 95% CI [50.2\u201355.0]), coronary artery disease (17.2%; 95% CI [12.9\u201322.5]) and diabetes (16.8%; 95% CI [14.9\u201318.8]). The AF recurrence rates after repeat ablation (21.4%; 95%\u00a0CI [16.6\u201327.1]) and antiarrhythmic drug therapy (19.6%; 95% CI [18.0\u201321.2]) were similar. Recurrence was higher in patients with late recurrence (32.6%; 95% CI [26.9\u201338.8]) than those with early recurrence (21.5%; 95% CI [17.9\u201325.6]). The pooled 3-year incidence of major events included heart failure hospitalisation (3.2%; 95% CI [2.8\u20133.6]), ischaemic stroke (1.2%; 95% CI [0.9\u20131.7]) and cardiovascular-related death (0.3%; 95% CI [0.1\u20130.5]). Conclusion: Post-ablation AF recurrence in East Asia imposes a considerable disease burden with high recurrence rates even after repeated ablation or antiarrhythmic drug therapy. The presence of prevalent comorbidities and measurable risks of morbidity and mortality further contribute to the long-term clinical and economic burdens of AF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2025.64","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T06:31:22Z","timestamp":1784529082000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Burden of Post-ablation Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence in East Asia: A Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.15420","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8244-4964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5844-9013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2221-868X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2365-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingyin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4685-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoxin","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6746-5660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9517-4745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1537-4430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruizheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6096","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, et al. 2023 ACC\/AHA\/ACCP\/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation 2023;149:e1\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001193; PMID: 38033089. DOI: 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001207","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001218"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiang CE, Okumura K, Zhang S, et al. 2017 consensus of the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society on stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. J Arrhythm 2017;33:345\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joa.2017.05.004; PMID: 28765771. DOI: 10.1016\/j.joa.2017.05.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joa.2017.05.004"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong Z, Du X, Hou XX, et al. Effect of electrical cardioversion on 1-year outcomes in patients with early recurrence after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Clin Cardiol 2021;44:1128\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/clc.23663; PMID: 34101841. DOI: 10.1002\/clc.23663","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23663"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monahan KH, Bunch TJ, Mark DB, et al. Influence of atrial fibrillation type on outcomes of ablation vs. drug therapy: results from CABANA. Europace 2022;24:1430\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/euac055; PMID: 35640922. DOI: 10.1093\/europace\/euac055","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euac055"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansour M, Heist EK, Agarwal R, et al. Stroke and cardiovascular events after ablation or antiarrhythmic drugs for treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2018;121:1192\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.01.043; PMID: 29571722. DOI: 10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.01.043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.01.043"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaita F, Scaglione M, Battaglia A, et al. Very long-term outcome following transcatheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Are results maintained after 10 years of follow up? Europace 2018;20:443\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/eux008; PMID: 28340043. DOI: 10.1093\/europace\/eux008","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eux008"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCabe PJ. Psychological distress in patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation: the state of the science. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2010;25:40\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JCN.0b013e3181b7be36; PMID: 19935428. DOI: 10.1097\/JCN.0b013e3181b7be36","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0b013e3181b7be36"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kupper N, van den Broek KC, Widdershoven J, Denollet J. Subjectively reported symptoms in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation and emotional distress. Front Psychol 2013;4:192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00192; PMID: 23630509. DOI: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00192","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00192"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim BJ, Hwang YH, Park MS, et al. Atrial fibrillation related and unrelated stroke recurrence among ischemic stroke patients with atrial fibrillation. Front Neurol 2021;12:744607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.744607; PMID: 34744981. DOI: 10.3389\/fneur.2021.744607","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.744607"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarabanda A. Healthcare utilization and costs reduction after radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation in the Brazilian private healthcare system. Arq Bras Cardiol 2019;113:258\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5935\/abc.20190148; PMID: 31483021. DOI: 10.5935\/abc.20190148","DOI":"10.5935\/abc.20190148"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang X, Chen Y, Lou L, et al. Medical economic consequences, predictors, and outcomes of immediate atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency ablation. CVIA 2024;9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15212\/CVIA.2024.0022. DOI: 10.15212\/CVIA.2024.0022","DOI":"10.15212\/CVIA.2024.0022"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raine D, Langley P, Shepherd E, et al. Effect of catheter ablation on quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation and its correlation with arrhythmia outcome. Open Heart 2015;2:e000302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/openhrt-2015-000302; PMID: 26380100. DOI: 10.1136\/openhrt-2015-000302","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2015-000302"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka N, Inoue K, Kobori A, et al. Atrial fibrillation ablation outcomes and heart failure (from the Kansai Plus Atrial Fibrillation Registry). Am J Cardiol 2023;189:108\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2022.11.038; PMID: 36525835. DOI: 10.1016\/j.amjcard.2022.11.038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2022.11.038"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka N, Inoue K, Kobori A, et al. P5652 Catheter ablation outcome and heart failure hospitalization in atrial fibrillation patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: insights from the Kansai Plus Atrial Fibrillation (KPAF). Eur Heart J 2019;40(Suppl 1):3523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz746.0595. DOI: 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz746.0595","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz746.0595"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka N, Inoue K, Kobori A, et al. Sex differences in catheter ablation outcome and heart failure in atrial fibrillation patients: insights from the Kansai Plus Atrial Fibrillation Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021;77:427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0735-1097(21)01786-1. DOI: 10.1016\/S0735-1097(21)01786-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(21)01786-1"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou L, He L, Wang W, et al. Effect of repeat catheter ablation vs. antiarrhythmic drug therapy among patients with recurrent atrial tachycardia\/atrial fibrillation after atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: data from CHINA-AF registry. Europace 2023;25:382\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/euac169; PMID: 36156137. DOI: 10.1093\/europace\/euac169","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euac169"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karatela MF, Calkins H. The global impact of atrial fibrillation. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2025;14:e28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/aer.2025.33; PMID: 41346409. DOI: 10.15420\/aer.2025.33","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2025.33"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nattel S, Heijman J, Zhou L, Dobrev D. Molecular basis of atrial fibrillation pathophysiology and therapy: a translational perspective. Circ Res 2020;127:51\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316363; PMID: 32717172. DOI: 10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316363","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316363"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao J, Chen M, Zhuo C, et al. The effect of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on the recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation. Int Heart J 2020;61:1174\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1536\/ihj.20-346; PMID: 33191354. DOI: 10.1536\/ihj.20-346","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.20-346"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humphries KH, Lee M, Sheldon R, et al. Statin use and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after successful cardioversion. Am Heart J 2007;154:908\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.07.015; PMID: 17967597. DOI: 10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.07.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.07.015"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajraktari G, Byty\u00e7i I, Henein MY. Left atrial structure and function predictors of recurrent fibrillation after catheter ablation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2020;40:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cpf.12595; PMID: 31556215. DOI: 10.1111\/cpf.12595","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12595"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Njoku A, Kannabhiran M, Arora R, et al. Left atrial volume predicts atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency ablation: a meta-analysis. Europace 2018;20:33\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/eux013; PMID: 28444307. DOI: 10.1093\/europace\/eux013","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eux013"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzeis S, Gerstenfeld EP, Kalman J, et al. 2024 European Heart Rhythm Association\/Heart Rhythm Society\/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society\/Latin American Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Arrhythm 2024;40:1217\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/joa3.13082; PMID: 39669937. DOI: 10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.03.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.03.017"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Van Gelder IC, Rienstra M, Bunting KV, et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J 2024;45:3314\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae176; PMID: 39210723."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaitani K, Inoue K, Kobori A, et al. Efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs short-term use after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (EAST-AF) trial. Eur Heart J 2016;37:610\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv501; PMID: 26417061. DOI: 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv501","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv501"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim YG, Boo KY, Choi JI, et al. Early recurrence is reliable predictor of late recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021;7:343\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.09.029; PMID: 33516711. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.09.029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.09.029"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sotomi Y, Inoue K, Tanaka K, et al. Persistent left atrial remodeling after catheter ablation for non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation is associated with very late recurrence. J Cardiol 2015;66:370\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jjcc.2015.03.007; PMID: 25864144. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jjcc.2015.03.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2015.03.007"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuck KH, Albenque JP, Chun KJ, et al. Repeat ablation for atrial fibrillation recurrence post cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation in the FIRE AND ICE trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2019;12:e007247. https:\/\/DOI.ORG\/10.1161\/CIRCEP.119.007247; PMID: 31693319. DOI: 10.1161\/CIRCEP.119.007247","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.119.007247"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen SK, Johannessen A, Worck R, et al. Radiofrequency versus cryoballoon catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: durability of pulmonary vein isolation and effect on atrial fibrillation burden: the RACE-AF randomized controlled trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2021;14:e009573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCEP.120.009573; PMID: 33835823. DOI: 10.1161\/CIRCEP.120.009573","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.120.009573"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obergassel J, Nies M, Taraba S, et al. Pulmonary vein reconnection and repeat ablation characteristics following cryoballoon-compared to radiofrequency-based pulmonary vein isolation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2024;35:1766\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jce.16343; PMID: 38956821. DOI: 10.1111\/jce.16343","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.16343"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molina-Ramos AI, Ruiz-Salas A, Medina-Palomo C, et al. Reablation in atrial fibrillation recurrence and pulmonary vein reconnection: cryoballoon versus radiofrequency as index ablation procedures. J Clin Med 2022;11:5862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11195862; PMID: 36233729. DOI: 10.3390\/jcm11195862","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195862"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wieczorek M, Sassani K, Hoeltgen R. Comparison of pulmonary vein reconnection patterns after multielectrode phased radiofrequency- and cryoballoon ablation of atrial fibrillation. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020;20:197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12872-020-01459-4; PMID: 32326885. DOI: 10.1186\/s12872-020-01459-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-020-01459-4"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spitzer SG, Miller JM, Sommer P, et al. Randomized evaluation of redo ablation procedures of atrial fibrillation with focal impulse and rotor modulation-guided procedures: the REDO-FIRM study. Europace 2023;25:74\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/euac122; PMID: 36056882. DOI: 10.1093\/europace\/euac122","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euac122"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mont L, Bisbal F, Hern\u00e1ndez-Madrid A, et al. Catheter ablation vs. antiarrhythmic drug treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation: a multicentre, randomized, controlled trial (SARA study). Eur Heart J 2014;35:501\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht457; PMID: 24135832. DOI: 10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht457","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht457"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neven K, F\u00fcting A, Hartl S, Reinsch N. Durability of pulsed field ablation lesions: current understanding and future directions. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2025;14:e23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/aer.2025.36; PMID: 41208821. DOI: 10.15420\/aer.2025.36","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2025.36"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierucci N, Mariani MV, Laviola D, et al. Pulsed field energy in atrial fibrillation ablation: from physical principles to clinical applications. J Clin Med 2024;13:2980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13102980; PMID: 38792520. DOI: 10.3390\/jcm13102980","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13102980"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee SR, Choi EK, Lee SW, et al. Early rhythm control in patients with incident atrial fibrillation who had a prior stroke. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2023;9:1121\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacep.2022.11.021; PMID: 37495321. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacep.2022.11.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2022.11.021"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrero-Torrus M, Badosa N, Roqueta C, et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing a multidisciplinary intervention by a geriatrician and a cardiologist to usual care after a heart failure hospitalization in older patients: the SENECOR study. J Clin Med 2022;11:1932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11071932; PMID: 35407540. DOI: 10.3390\/jcm11071932","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11071932"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wokhlu A, Monahan KH, Hodge DO, et al. Long-term quality of life after ablation of atrial fibrillation the impact of recurrence, symptom relief, and placebo effect. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2308\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.040; PMID: 20488300. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.040"}],"container-title":["Arrhythmia &amp; Electrophysiology Review"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerjournal.com\/articleindex\/aer.2025.64","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T07:45:32Z","timestamp":1784706332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aerjournal.com\/articleindex\/aer.2025.64"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":39,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/aer.2025.64","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-3369","2050-3377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-3369","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-3377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"article-number":"e27"}}