{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:55:39Z","timestamp":1789019739902,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Radcliffe Medical Media Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Card Fail Rev"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with heart failure is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In this article, the authors examine recent changes to the definition of PH in the setting of left heart disease (PH-LHD), and discuss its epidemiology, pathophysiology and prognosis. They also explore the complexities of diagnosing PH-LHD and the current evidence for the use of medical therapies, promising clinical trials and the role of left ventricular assist device and transplantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2019.09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T14:14:06Z","timestamp":1586873646000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Pulmonary Hypertension in Heart Failure Patients"],"prefix":"10.15420","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sriram D","family":"Rao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Heart Failure\/Transplantation Programme, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinath","family":"Adusumalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy A","family":"Mazurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Heart Failure\/Transplantation Programme, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, US; Pulmonary Hypertension Programme, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6096","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guazzi M, Borlaug B. Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease. Circulation 2012;126:975\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.085761; PMID: 22908015.","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.111.085761"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Gali\u00e8 N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC\/ERS guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J 2016;37:67\u00ad\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv317; PMID: 26320113."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosenkranz S, Gibbs JSR, Wachter R, et al. Left ventricular heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J 2016;37:942\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv512; PMID: 26508169.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv512"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vachi\u00e9ry JL, Tedford RJ, Rosenkranz S, et al. Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease. Eur Respir J 2018;53:pii:1801897 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01897-2018; PMID: 30545974.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01897-2018"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simonneau G, Montani D, Celermajer DS, et al. Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2019;53:1801913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01913-2018; PMID: 30545968.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01913-2018"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Assad TR, Maron BA, Robbins IM, et al. Prognostic effect and longitudinal hemodynamic assessment of borderline pulmonary hypertension. JAMA Cardiol 2017;2:1361\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.3882; PMID: 29071338.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.3882"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghio S, Gavazzi A, Campana C, et al. Independent and additive prognostic value of right ventricular systolic function and pulmonary artery pressure in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:183\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01102-5; PMID: 11153735.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0735-1097(00)01102-5"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miller WL, Grill DE, Borlaug BA. Clinical features, hemodynamics, and outcomes of pulmonary hypertension due to chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: pulmonary hypertension and heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 2013;1:290\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchf.2013.05.001; PMID: 24621932.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2013.05.001"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Maeder MT, Schoch OD, Kleiner R, et al. Pulmonary hypertension associated with left-sided heart disease. Swiss Med Wkly 2017;147:w14395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4414\/smw.2017.14395; PMID: 28102878."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borlaug BA, Obokata M. Is it time to recognize a new phenotype? Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction with pulmonary vascular disease. Eur Heart J 2017;38:2874\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx184; PMID: 28431020.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx184"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miller WL, Mahoney DW, Enriquez-Sarano M. Quantitative Doppler-echocardiographic imaging and clinical outcomes with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014;7:330\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.113.001184; PMID: 24488981.","DOI":"10.1161\/circimaging.113.001184"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salamon JN, Kelesidis I, Msaouel P, et al. Outcomes in World Health Organization group II pulmonary hypertension: mortality and readmission trends with systolic and preserved ejection fraction-induced pulmonary hypertension. J Card Fail 2014;20:467\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cardfail.2014.05.003; PMID: 24858070.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2014.05.003"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fayyaz AU, Edwards WD, Maleszewski JJ, et al. Global pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension associated with heart failure and preserved or reduced ejection fraction. Circulation 2018;137:1796\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031608; PMID: 29246894.","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.117.031608"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weber L, Rickli H, Haager PK, et al. Haemodynamic mechanisms and long-term prognostic impact of pulmonary hypertension in patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing valve replacement. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:172\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.1322; PMID: 30328215.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1322"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Forfia PR, Vachi\u00e9ry JL. Echocardiography in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2012;110:S16\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.06.012; PMID: 22921027."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mazurek JA, Forfia PR. Enhancing the accuracy of echocardiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension: looking at the heart to learn about the lungs. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2013;19:437\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCP.0b013e3283645966; PMID: 23884296.","DOI":"10.1097\/mcp.0b013e3283645966"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sade LE, Gulmez O, Eroglu S, et al. Noninvasive estimation of right ventricular filling pressure by ratio of early tricuspid inflow to annular diastolic velocity in patients with and without recent cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007;20:982\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2007.01.012; PMID: 17555928.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2007.01.012"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sundereswaran L, Nagueh SF, Vardan S, et al. Estimation of left and right ventricular filling pressures after heart transplantation by tissue Doppler imaging. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:352\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00346-4; PMID: 9708666.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9149(98)00346-4"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beigel R, Cercek B, Luo H, Siegel RJ. Noninvasive evaluation of right atrial pressure. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013;26:1033\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2013.06.004; PMID: 23860098.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2013.06.004"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amsallem M, Sternbach JM, Adigopula S, et al. Addressing the controversy of estimating pulmonary arterial pressure by echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016;29:93\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2015.11.001; PMID: 26691401.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2015.11.001"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Opotowsky AR, Clair M, Afilalo J, et al. A simple echocardiographic method to estimate pulmonary vascular resistance. Am J Cardiol 2013;112:873\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.05.016; PMID: 23735649."},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Kiely DG, Levin D, Hassoun P, et al. EXPRESS: Statement on imaging and pulmonary hypertension from the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute (PVRI). Pulm Circ 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2045894019841990; PMID: 30880632; epub ahead of press."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arkles JS, Opotowsky AR, Ojeda J, et al. Shape of the right ventricular Doppler envelope predicts hemodynamics and right heart function in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:268\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201004-0601OC; PMID: 20709819.","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201004-0601oc"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Tello K, Wan J, Dalmer A, et al. Validation of the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion\/systolic pulmonary artery pressure ratio for the assessment of right ventricular-arterial coupling in severe pulmonary hypertension. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2019;12:e009047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.119.009047; PMID: 31500448."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gerges M, Gerges C, Pistritto AM, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in heart failure. epidemiology, right ventricular function, and survival. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015;192:1234\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201503-0529OC; PMID: 26181215.","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201503-0529oc"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guazzi M, Dixon D, Labate V, et al. RV contractile function and its coupling to pulmonary circulation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: stratification of clinical phenotypes and outcomes. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2017;10:1211\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.12.024; PMID: 28412423.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.12.024"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thenappan T, Prins KW, Pritzker MR, et al. The critical role of pulmonary arterial compliance in pulmonary hypertension. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2016;13:276\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201509-599FR; PMID: 26848601.","DOI":"10.1513\/annalsats.201509-599fr"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Assad TR, Brittain EL, Wells QS, et al. Hemodynamic evidence of vascular remodeling in combined post- and precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 2016;6:313\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/688516; PMID: 27683608.","DOI":"10.1086\/688516"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhattacharya PT, Troutman GS, Mao F, et al. Right ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral-to-pulmonary artery systolic pressure ratio: a non-invasive metric of pulmonary arterial compliance differs across the spectrum of pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2045894019841978; PMID: 30880577; epub ahead of press.","DOI":"10.1177\/2045894019841978"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kovacs G, Avian A, Pienn M, et al. Reading pulmonary vascular pressure tracings. How to handle the problems of zero leveling and respiratory swings. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;190:252\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201402-0269PP; PMID: 24869464.","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201402-0269pp"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Hoeper MM, Bogaard HJ, Condliffe R, et al. Definitions and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:D42\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.10.032; PMID: 24355641."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hemnes AR, Opotowsky AR, Assad TR, et al. Features associated with discordance between pulmonary arterial wedge pressure and left ventricular end diastolic pressure in clinical practice: implications for pulmonary hypertension classification. Chest 2018;154:1099\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2018.08.1033; PMID: 30148982.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.08.1033"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reddy YNV, El-Sabbagh A, Nishimura RA. Comparing pulmonary arterial wedge pressure and left ventricular end diastolic pressure for assessment of left-sided filling pressures. JAMA Cardiol 2018;3:453\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.0318; PMID: 29590308.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.0318"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mascherbauer J, Zotter-Tufaro C, Duca F, et al. Wedge pressure rather than left ventricular end-diastolic pressure predicts outcome in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. JACC Heart Fail 2017;5:795\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchf.2017.08.005; PMID: 29032138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2017.08.005"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andersen MJ, Olson TP, Melenovsky V, et al. Differential hemodynamic effects of exercise and volume expansion in people with and without heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2015;8:41\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001731; PMID: 25342738.","DOI":"10.1161\/circheartfailure.114.001731"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borlaug BA, Nishimura RA, Sorajja P, et al. Exercise hemodynamics enhance diagnosis of early heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail 2010;3:588\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.930701; PMID: 20543134.","DOI":"10.1161\/circheartfailure.109.930701"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Abraham WT, Adamson PB, Bourge RC, et al. Wireless pulmonary artery haemodynamic monitoring in chronic heart failure: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011;377:658\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60101-3; PMID: 21315441."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shah SJ, Feldman T, Ricciardi MJ, et al. One-year safety and clinical outcomes of a transcatheter interatrial shunt device for the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in the reduce elevated left atrial pressure in patients with heart failure (REDUCE LAP-HF I) trial: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol 2018;3:968\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.2936; PMID: 30167646.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.2936"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Assad TR, Hemnes AR, Larkin EK, et al. Clinical and biological insights into combined post-capillary and pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;68:2525\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.09.942; PMID: 27931609."},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Redfield MM, Chen HH, Borlaug BA, et al. Effect of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition on exercise capacity and clinical status in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;309:1268\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.2024; PMID: 23478662."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoendermis ES, Liu LCY, Hummel YM, et al. Effects of sildenafil on invasive haemodynamics and exercise capacity in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction and pulmonary hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Heart J 2015;36:2565\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv336; PMID: 26188003.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv336"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guazzi M, Vicenzi M, Arena R, Guazzi MD. Pulmonary hypertension in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a target of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition in a 1-year study. Circulation 2011;124:164\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.983866; PMID: 21709061.","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.110.983866"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Bermejo J, Yotti R, Garc\u00eda-Orta R, et al. Sildenafil for improving outcomes in patients with corrected valvular heart disease and persistent pulmonary hypertension: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Eur Heart J 2018;39:1255\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx700; PMID: 29281101."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bonderman D, Pretsch I, Steringer-Mascherbauer R, et al. Acute hemodynamic effects of riociguat in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with diastolic heart failure (DILATE-1): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose study. Chest 2014;146:1274\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.14-0106; PMID: 24991733.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0106"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koller B, Steringer-Mascherbauer R, Ebner CH, et al. Pilot study of endothelin receptor blockade in heart failure with diastolic dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension (BADDHY-Trial). Heart Lung Circ 2017;26:433\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hlc.2016.09.004; PMID: 27816421.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2016.09.004"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vachi\u00e9ry JL, Delcroix M, Al-Hiti H, et al. Macitentan in pulmonary hypertension due to left ventricular dysfunction. Eur Respir J 2018;51:1701886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01886-2017; PMID: 29437943.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01886-2017"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simon MA, Vanderpool RR, Nouraie M, et al. Acute hemodynamic effects of inhaled sodium nitrite in pulmonary hypertension associated with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. JCI Insight 2016;1:e89620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.89620; PMID: 27812547.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.89620"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Packer M, McMurray JJV, Krum H, et al. Long-term effect of endothelin receptor antagonism with bosentan on the morbidity and mortality of patients with severe chronic heart failure: primary results of the ENABLE trials. JACC Heart Fail 2017;5:317\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchf.2017.02.021; PMID: 28449795."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Packer M, McMurray J, Massie BM, et al. Clinical effects of endothelin receptor antagonism with bosentan in patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of a pilot study. J Card Fail 2005;11:12\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cardfail.2004.05.006; PMID: 15704058.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2004.05.006"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Califf RM, Adams KF, McKenna WJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of epoprostenol therapy for severe congestive heart failure: the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). Am Heart J 1997;134:44\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-8703(97)70105-4; PMID: 9266782.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-8703(97)70105-4"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L\u00fcscher TF, Enseleit F, Pacher R, et al. Hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of selective endothelin A (ET(A)) receptor blockade in chronic heart failure: the Heart Failure ET(A) Receptor Blockade Trial (HEAT). Circulation 2002;106:2666\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.0000038497.80095.e1; PMID: 12438291.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000038497.80095.e1"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anand I, McMurray J, Cohn JN, et al. Long-term effects of darusentan on left-ventricular remodelling and clinical outcomes in the EndothelinA Receptor Antagonist Trial in Heart Failure (EARTH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:347\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16723-8; PMID: 15276394.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(04)16723-8"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lewis GD, Lachmann J, Camuso J, et al. Sildenafil improves exercise hemodynamics and oxygen uptake in patients with systolic heart failure. Circulation 2007;115:59\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.626226; PMID: 17179022.","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.106.626226"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guazzi M, Samaja M, Arena R, et al. Long-term use of sildenafil in the therapeutic management of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:2136\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.078; PMID: 18036451.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.078"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guazzi M, Vicenzi M, Arena R, Guazzi MD. PDE5 inhibition with sildenafil improves left ventricular diastolic function, cardiac geometry, and clinical status in patients with stable systolic heart failure: results of a 1-year, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Circ Heart Fail 2011;4:8\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.944694; PMID: 21036891.","DOI":"10.1161\/circheartfailure.110.944694"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bonderman D, Ghio S, Felix SB, et al. Riociguat for patients with pulmonary hypertension caused by systolic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2013;128:502\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001458; PMID: 23775260.","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.113.001458"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miller LW, Rogers JG. Evolution of left ventricular assist device therapy for advanced heart failure: a review. JAMA Cardiol 2018;3:650\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.0522; PMID: 29710092.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.0522"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zimpfer D, Zrunek P, Roethy W, et al. Left ventricular assist devices decrease fixed pulmonary hypertension in cardiac transplant candidates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;133:689\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2006.08.104; PMID: 17320566.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2006.08.104"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Torre-Amione G, Southard RE, Loebe MM, et al. Reversal of secondary pulmonary hypertension by axial and pulsatile mechanical circulatory support. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010;29:195\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healun.2009.05.030; PMID: 19782604.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2009.05.030"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mikus E, Stepanenko A, Krabatsch T, et al. Reversibility of fixed pulmonary hypertension in left ventricular assist device support recipients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011;40:971\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejcts.2011.01.019; PMID: 21354812.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2011.01.019"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beyersdorf F, Schlensak C, Berchtold-Herz M, Trummer G. Regression of \u2018fixed\u2019 pulmonary vascular resistance in heart transplant candidates after unloading with ventricular assist devices. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;140:747\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2010.05.042; PMID: 20850652.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2010.05.042"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumarasinghe G, Jain P, Jabbour A, et al. Comparison of continuous\u2010flow ventricular assist device therapy with intensive medical therapy in fixed pulmonary hypertension secondary to advanced left heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2018;5:695\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.12284; PMID: 29573567.","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12284"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tedford RJ, Hemnes AR, Russell SD, et al. PDE5A inhibitor treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension after mechanical circulatory support. Circ Heart Fail 2008;1:213\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.796789; PMID: 19808294.","DOI":"10.1161\/circheartfailure.108.796789"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LaRue SJ, Garcia-Cortes R, Nassif ME, et al. Treatment of secondary pulmonary hypertension with bosentan after left ventricular assist device implantation. Cardiovasc Ther 2015;33:50\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1755-5922.12111; PMID: 25759010.","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-5922.12111"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Costard-J\u00e4ckle A, Fowler MB. Influence of preoperative pulmonary artery pressure on mortality after heart transplantation: Testing of potential reversibility of pulmonary hypertension with nitroprusside is useful in defining a high risk group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:48\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0735-1097(92)90050-W; PMID: 1729345.","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(92)90050-w"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vakil K, Duval S, Sharma A, et al. Impact of pre-transplant pulmonary hypertension on survival after heart transplantation: A UNOS registry analysis. Int J Cardiol 2014;176:595\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.08.072; PMID: 25305706.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.08.072"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chambers DC, Cherikh WS, Goldfarb SB, et al. The International Thoracic Organ Transplant Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-fifth adult lung and heart-lung transplant report \u2013 2018; Focus theme: Multiorgan Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018;37:1169\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healun.2018.07.020; PMID: 30293613.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2018.07.020"}],"container-title":["Cardiac Failure Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cfrjournal.com\/articleindex\/cfr.2019.09","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T15:51:47Z","timestamp":1613922707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cfrjournal.com\/articleindex\/cfr.2019.09"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"references-count":67,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/cfr.2019.09","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-7559","2057-7540"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-7559","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2057-7540","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"article-number":"e05"}}