{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T14:27:40Z","timestamp":1787668060628,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Radcliffe Medical Media Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Card Fail Rev"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute heart failure (AHF) is a leading cause of hospitalisation worldwide, with the majority of cases triggered by an identifiable precipitant. Recognition of these precipitants is important for both acute management and long-term prevention, as they are frequently reversible, carry prognostic significance and directly inform targeted therapy. The epidemiology of precipitants varies across settings, and patterns are evolving as the prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction rises. In this review, we summarise the epidemiology, diagnostic evaluation and management of the most common precipitants of AHF. Globally, the leading precipitants of AHF are ischaemia\/acute coronary syndrome, infection, arrhythmias, uncontrolled hypertension, nonadherence and renal dysfunction, although their relative distribution varies by geography and heart failure phenotype. Optimal medical management necessitates initial haemodynamic stabilisation, identification of the underlying precipitant and delivery of targeted therapy. Importantly, successful identification and treatment of a reversible precipitant should not preclude initiation or optimisation of guideline-directed medical therapy, which remain essential for long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2025.49","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:16:37Z","timestamp":1786976197000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Precipitants of Acute Heart Failure: A State-of-the-art Review from an International Expert Group"],"prefix":"10.15420","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6851-4417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anika S","family":"Naidu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rfek682","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3197-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Chioncel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04fm87419","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6356-2284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolie","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01q9sj412","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University Hospital of Bern"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7683-4720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javed","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012z4f430","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Baylor Scott & White Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2771-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew JS","family":"Coats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046fa4y88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Heart Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2305-9836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean P","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dq2gs74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9613-3339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gad","family":"Cotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04q1vy171","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Marqueurs cardiovasculaires en situation de stress"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2374-6449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth","family":"Davison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6605-0579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zara","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4611-8413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliviana","family":"Geavlete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04fm87419","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3278-2057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Girerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02vjkv261","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Inserm"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1151-2357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shir Lynn","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01vvdem88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National University Heart Centre Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8715-7753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Mebazaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04q1vy171","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Marqueurs cardiovasculaires en situation de stress"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6691-8568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Metra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006x48140","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8127-166X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d2scar","family":"Mir\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021018s57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universitat de Barcelona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6235-984X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Palazzuoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01tevnk56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Siena"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9589-0023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Polovina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02122at02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Univerzitetski Klini\u010dki Centar Srbije"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0596-2877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razvan I","family":"Raduc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04fm87419","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7732-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Savarese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056d84691","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Karolinska Institutet"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9061-7746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana R","family":"Sax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rfek682","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1955-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petar M","family":"Seferovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02122at02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Univerzitetski Klini\u010dki Centar Srbije"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2624-9213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Volterrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006x48140","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4563-1071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew P","family":"Ambrosy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02fxsj090","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6096","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrosy AP, Fonarow GC, Butler J, et al. The global health and economic burden of hospitalizations for heart failure: lessons learned from hospitalized heart failure registries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:1123\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.053; PMID: 24491689. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.053"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Seferovi\u0107 PM, Polovina M, Savarese G, et al. Insights into the European heart failure epidemiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2025;27:1950\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.3710; PMID: 40444537."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonarow GC, Abraham WT, Albert NM, et al. Factors identified as precipitating hospital admissions for heart failure and clinical outcomes: findings from OPTIMIZE-HF. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:847\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.168.8.847; PMID: 18443260. DOI: 10.1001\/archinte.168.8.847","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.8.847"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang N, Farrell M, Hales S, et al. Prevalence and seasonal variation of precipitants of heart failure hospitalization and risk of readmission. Int J Cardiol 2020;316:152\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.04.084; PMID: 32360644. DOI: 10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.04.084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.04.084"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arrigo M, Gayat E, Parenica J, et al. Precipitating factors and 90-day outcome of acute heart failure: a report from the intercontinental GREAT registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:201\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.682; PMID: 27790819. DOI: 10.1002\/ejhf.682","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.682"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Platz E, Jhund PS, Claggett BL, et al. Prevalence and prognostic importance of precipitating factors leading to heart failure hospitalization: recurrent hospitalizations and mortality. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:295\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.901; PMID: 28872259. DOI: 10.1002\/ejhf.901","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.901"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geavlete O, Angermann CE, Chioncel O. Comorbidities \u2013 integrating complexity into heart failure care. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2025;22:36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11897-025-00726-9; PMID: 41196462. DOI: 10.1007\/s11897-025-00726-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-025-00726-9"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumric M, Kurir TT, Bozic J, et al. Pathophysiology of congestion in heart failure: a contemporary review. Card Fail Rev 2024;10:e13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/cfr.2024.07; PMID: 39450149. DOI: 10.15420\/cfr.2024.07","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2024.07"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumric M, Kurir TT, Bozic J, et al. Carbohydrate antigen 125: a biomarker at the crossroads of congestion and inflammation in heart failure. Card Fail Rev 2021;7:e19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/cfr.2021.22; PMID: 34950509. DOI: 10.15420\/cfr.2021.22","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2021.22"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobayashi M, Voors AA, Girerd N, et al. Heart failure etiologies and clinical factors precipitating for worsening heart failure: findings from BIOSTAT-CHF. Eur J Intern Med 2020;71:62\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.10.017; PMID: 31708361. DOI: 10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.10.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.10.017"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapoor JR, Kapoor R, Ju C, et al. Precipitating clinical factors, heart failure characterization, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure with reduced, borderline, and preserved ejection fraction. JACC Heart Fail 2016;4:464\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.02.017; PMID: 27256749. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.02.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.02.017"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation 2022;145:e895\u20131032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/cir.0000000000001063; PMID: 35363499. DOI: 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001073","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001073"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieminen MS, Brutsaert D, Dickstein K, et al. EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2725\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl193; PMID: 17000631. DOI: 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl193","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl193"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llorens P, Javaloyes P, Mart\u00edn-S\u00e1nchez FJ, et al. Time trends in characteristics, clinical course, and outcomes of 13,791 patients with acute heart failure. Clin Res Cardiol 2018;107:897\u2013913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00392-018-1261-z; PMID: 29728831. DOI: 10.1007\/s00392-018-1261-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-018-1261-z"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chioncel O, Mebazaa A, Harjola VP, et al. Clinical phenotypes and outcome of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:1242\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.890; PMID: 28463462. DOI: 10.1002\/ejhf.890","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.890"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tromp J, Beusekamp JC, Ouwerkerk W, et al. Regional differences in precipitating factors of hospitalization for acute heart failure: insights from the REPORT-HF registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2022;24:645\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.2431; PMID: 35064730. DOI: 10.1002\/ejhf.2431","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2431"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filippatos G, Angermann CE, Cleland JGF, et al. Global differences in characteristics, precipitants, and initial management of patients presenting with acute heart failure. JAMA Cardiol 2020;5:401\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.5108; PMID: 31913404. DOI: 10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.5108","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.5108"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamanca-Bautista P, Conde-Martel A, Aramburu-Bodas \u00d3, et al. Precipitating factors of heart failure admission: differences related to age and left ventricular ejection fraction. Int J Cardiol 2016;219:150\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.06.040; PMID: 27323341. DOI: 10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.06.040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.06.040"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kap\u0142on-Cie\u015blicka A, Benson L, Chioncel O, et al. A comprehensive characterization of acute heart failure with preserved versus mildly reduced versus reduced ejection fraction \u2013 insights from the ESC-HFA EORP Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2022;24:335\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.2408; PMID: 34962044. DOI: 10.1002\/ejhf.2408","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2408"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Deeb M, Barbic S, Featherstone R, et al. Point-of-care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema in patients presenting with acute dyspnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med 2014;21:843\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acem.12435; PMID: 25176151. DOI: 10.1111\/acem.12435","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12435"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martindale JL, Wakai A, Collins SP, et al. Diagnosing acute heart failure in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med 2016;23:223\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acem.12878; PMID: 26910112. DOI: 10.1111\/acem.12878","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12878"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borovac JA, Glavas D, Susilovic Grabovac Z, et al. Right ventricular free wall strain and congestive hepatopathy in patients with acute worsening of chronic heart failure: a CATSTAT-HF echo substudy. J Clin Med 2020;9:1317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9051317; PMID: 32370248. DOI: 10.3390\/jcm9051317","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051317"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarvasm\u00e4ki T, Harjola VP, Nieminen MS, et al. Acute heart failure with and without concomitant acute coronary syndromes: patient characteristics, management, and survival. J Card Fail 2014;20:723\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cardfail.2014.07.008; PMID: 25079300. DOI: 10.1016\/j.cardfail.2014.07.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2014.07.008"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry TD, Tomey MI, Tamis-Holland JE, et al. Invasive management of acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2021;143:e815\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/cir.0000000000000959; PMID: 33657830. DOI: 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000959","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000959"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeger RV, Pfister O, Radovanovic D, et al. Heart failure in patients admitted for acute coronary syndromes: a report from a large national registry. Clin Cardiol 2017;40:907\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/clc.22745; PMID: 28598569. DOI: 10.1002\/clc.22745","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22745"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosyakovsky LB, Austin PC, Ross HJ, et al. Early invasive coronary angiography and acute ischaemic heart failure outcomes. Eur Heart J 2021;42:3756\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab423; PMID: 34331056. DOI: 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab423","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab423"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Rao SV, O\u2019Donoghue ML, Ruel M, et al. 2025 ACC\/AHA\/ACEP\/NAEMSP\/SCAI guideline for the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation 2025;151:e771\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/cir.0000000000001309; PMID: 40014670."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrales-Medina VF, Musher DM, Shachkina S, Chirinos JA. Acute pneumonia and the cardiovascular system. Lancet 2013;381:496\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)61266-5; PMID: 23332146. DOI: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61266-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61266-5"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sulyok E, Farkas B, Nagy B, et al. Tissue sodium accumulation: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022;11:750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11040750; PMID: 35453435. DOI: 10.3390\/antiox11040750","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11040750"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezati S, Velliou M, Ventoulis I, et al. Infection as an under-recognized precipitant of acute heart failure: prognostic and therapeutic implications. Heart Fail Rev 2023;28:893\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10741-023-10303-8; PMID: 36897491. DOI: 10.1007\/s10741-023-10303-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-023-10303-8"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alon D, Stein GY, Korenfeld R, Fuchs S. Predictors and outcomes of infection-related hospital admissions of heart failure patients. PLOS One 2013;8:e72476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0072476; PMID: 24009684. DOI: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0072476","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072476"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez PA, Briasoulis A, Malik AH. Frequency and impact of infectious disease conditions diagnosed during decompensated heart failure hospitalizations in the United States. Am J Cardiol 2023;191:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2022.12.001; PMID: 36621054. DOI: 10.1016\/j.amjcard.2022.12.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2022.12.001"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodruff RC, Melgar M, Pham H, et al. Acute cardiac events in hospitalized older adults with respiratory syncytial virus infection. JAMA Intern Med 2024;184:602\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.0212; PMID: 38619857. DOI: 10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.0212","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.0212"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wee LE, Loy EX, Ngiam N, et al. Risk of new-onset heart failure and heart failure exacerbations following COVID-19, influenza or respiratory-syncytial-virus hospitalisation. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf714; PMID: 41206580. DOI: 10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf714","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf714"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erskine N, Tran H, Levin L, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on herpes zoster and the risk of cardiac and cerebrovascular events. PLoS One 2017;12:e0181565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0181565; PMID: 28749981. DOI: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0181565","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181565"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishikawa Y, Nakano K, Tokutsu K, et al. Short-term prognostic factors in hospitalized herpes zoster patients and its associated cerebro-cardiovascular events: a nationwide retrospective cohort in Japan. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022;9:843809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.843809; PMID: 35308501. DOI: 10.3389\/fmed.2022.843809","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.843809"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Matteis G, Covino M, Burzo ML, et al. Clinical characteristics and predictors of in-hospital mortality among older patients with acute heart failure. J Clin Med 2022;11:439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11020439; PMID: 35054133. DOI: 10.3390\/jcm11020439","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020439"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salam AM, Sulaiman K, Alsheikh-Ali AA, et al. Precipitating factors for hospitalization with heart failure: prevalence and clinical impact observations from the Gulf CARE (Gulf aCute heArt failuRe rEgistry). Med Princ Pract 2020;29:270\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000503334; PMID: 31522185. DOI: 10.1159\/000503334","DOI":"10.1159\/000503334"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berkovitch A, Maor E, Sabbag A, et al. Precipitating factors for acute heart failure hospitalization and long-term survival. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015;94:e2330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000002330; PMID: 26717369. DOI: 10.1097\/MD.0000000000002330","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002330"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mir\u00f3 \u00d2, Aguirre A, Herrero P, et al. PAPRICA-2 study: role of precipitating factor of an acute heart failure episode on intermediate term prognosis [in Spanish]. Med Clin (Barc) 2015;145:385\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medcli.2015.01.014; PMID: 25817454. DOI: 10.1016\/j.medcle.2016.03.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcle.2016.03.002"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padrao EMH, Caldeira Antonio B, Gardner TA, et al. Lung ultrasound findings and algorithms to detect pneumonia: a systematic review and diagnostic testing meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2025;53:e2271\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ccm.0000000000006818; PMID: 40810585. DOI: 10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006818","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006818"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedawi EO, Ricciardi S, Hassan M, et al. ERS\/ESTS statement on the management of pleural infection in adults. Eur Respir J 2023;61:2201062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01062-2022; PMID: 36229045. DOI: 10.1183\/13993003.01062-2022","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01062-2022"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Thomann R, et al. Effect of procalcitonin-based guidelines vs standard guidelines on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: the ProHOSP randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;302:1059\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2009.1297; PMID: 19738090. DOI: 10.1001\/jama.2009.1297","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1297"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smedemark SA, Aabenhus R, Llor C, et al. Biomarkers as point-of-care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in primary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022;10:CD010130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD010130.pub3; PMID: 36250577. DOI: 10.1002\/14651858.CD010130.pub3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010130.pub3"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller B, Harbarth S, Stolz D, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of clinical and laboratory parameters in community-acquired pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis 2007;7:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-7-10; PMID: 17335562. DOI: 10.1186\/1471-2334-7-10","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-10"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00eer\u00eeianu-Masgras RB, Mebazaa A, Savarese G, et al. Infective endocarditis complicated by shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Fail Rev 2025;30:1377\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10741-025-10556-5; PMID: 40884710. DOI: 10.1007\/s10741-025-10556-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-025-10556-5"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mir\u00f3 \u00d2, Takagi K, Gayat \u00c9, et al. Time-pattern of adverse outcomes after an infection-triggered acute heart failure decompensation and the influence of early antibiotic administration and hospitalisation: results of the PAPRICA-3 study. Clin Res Cardiol 2020;109:34\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00392-019-01481-3; PMID: 31037410. DOI: 10.1007\/s00392-019-01481-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-019-01481-3"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polovina M, Tomi\u0107 M, Viduljevi\u0107 M, et al. Predictors and prognostic implications of hospital-acquired pneumonia in patients admitted for acute heart failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023;10:1254306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1254306; PMID: 37781296. DOI: 10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1254306","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1254306"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson CS, Hua C, Wang Z, et al. Influenza vaccination to improve outcomes for patients with acute heart failure (PANDA II): a multiregional, seasonal, hospital-based, cluster-randomised, controlled trial in China. Lancet 2025;406:1020\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(25)01485-0; PMID: 40897187. DOI: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01485-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01485-0"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heidenreich PA, Bhatt A, Nazir NT, et al. 2025 concise clinical guidance: an ACC expert consensus statement on adult immunizations as part of cardiovascular care: a report of the American College of Cardiology solution set oversight committee. J Am Coll Cardiol 2025;86:2085\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.07.003; PMID: 40856667. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.07.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.07.003"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorenek B, Wijnmaalen AP, Goette A, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias in acute heart failure: a clinical consensus statement of the Association for Acute CardioVascular Care, the European Heart Rhythm Association, and the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Europace 2024;26:euae235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/europace\/euae235; PMID: 39270731. DOI: 10.1093\/europace\/euae235","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euae235"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, et al. 2023 ACC\/AHA\/ACCP\/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation 2023;149:e1\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/cir.0000000000001193; PMID: 38033089. DOI: 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001207","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001218"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen S, P\u00fcrerfellner H, Meyer C, et al. Rhythm control for patients with atrial fibrillation complicated with heart failure in the contemporary era of catheter ablation: a stratified pooled analysis of randomized data. Eur Heart J 2020;41:2863\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz443; PMID: 31298266. DOI: 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz443","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz443"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rillig A, Magnussen C, Ozga AK, et al. Early rhythm control therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Circulation 2021;144:845\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.121.056323; PMID: 34328366. DOI: 10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056323","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056323"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marrouche NF, Brachmann J, Andresen D, et al. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2018;378:417\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1707855; PMID: 29385358. DOI: 10.1056\/NEJMoa1707855","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707855"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotter G, Davison B, Chioncel O. Enhanced decongestive therapy in patients with acute heart failure: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024;83:1243\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.01.029; PMID: 38538204. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.01.029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.01.029"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geavlete O, Collins SP, Mebazaa A, et al. Hypertensive acute heart failure: a critical perspective on definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prognosis \u2013 a narrative review: a joint session with the Romanian Society of Cardiology (part II). Heart Fail Rev 2025;30:1323\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10741-025-10551-w; PMID: 40892348. DOI: 10.1007\/s10741-025-10551-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-025-10551-w"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gheorghiade M, Abraham WT, Albert NM, et al. Systolic blood pressure at admission, clinical characteristics, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure. JAMA 2006;296:2217\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.296.18.2217; PMID: 17090768. DOI: 10.1001\/jama.296.18.2217","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.18.2217"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chioncel O, Mebazaa A, Farmakis D, et al. Pathophysiology and clinical use of agents with vasodilator properties in acute heart failure. A scientific statement of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur J Heart Fail 2025;27:1067\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.3673; PMID: 40320261. DOI: 10.1002\/ejhf.3673","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3673"},{"key":"ref59","unstructured":"Writing Committee Members, Jones DW, Ferdinand KC, et al. 2025 AHA\/ACC\/AANP\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACCP\/ACPM\/AGS\/AMA\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA\/SGIM guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Hypertension 2025;82:e212\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/hyp.0000000000000249; PMID: 40811516."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ezekowitz JA, Colin-Ramirez E, Ross H, et al. Reduction of dietary sodium to less than 100 mmol in heart failure (SODIUM-HF): an international, open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2022;399:1391\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(22)00369-5; PMID: 35381194. DOI: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00369-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00369-5"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mullens W, Damman K, Dhont S, et al. Dietary sodium and fluid intake in heart failure. A clinical consensus statement of the Heart Failure Association of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2024;26:730\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.3244; PMID: 38606657. DOI: 10.1002\/ejhf.3244","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3244"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ichihara YK, Shiraishi Y, Kohsaka S, et al. Association of pre-hospital precipitating factors with short- and long-term outcomes of acute heart failure patients: a report from the WET-HF2 registry. Int J Cardiol 2023;389:131161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.131161; PMID: 37437664. DOI: 10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.131161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.131161"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson AJ, Pagidipati NJ, Bosworth HB. Improving medication adherence in cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024;21:417\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-023-00972-1; PMID: 38172243. DOI: 10.1038\/s41569-023-00972-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00972-1"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maddox TM, Januzzi JL, Jr., Allen LA, et al. 2024 ACC expert consensus decision pathway for treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a report of the American College of Cardiology solution set oversight committee. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024;83:1444\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.12.024; PMID: 38466244. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.12.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.12.024"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koshman SL, Charrois TL, Simpson SH, et al. Pharmacist care of patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:687\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.168.7.687; PMID: 18413550. DOI: 10.1001\/archinte.168.7.687","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.7.687"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhao Y, Han L, et al. Pharmacist-led management model and medication adherence among patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2024;7:e2453976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.53976; PMID: 39705029. DOI: 10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.53976","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.53976"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronco C, Haapio M, House AA, et al. Cardiorenal syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1527\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.07.051; PMID: 19007588. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.07.051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.07.051"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamada T, Ueyama H, Chopra N, et al. Systematic review of the association between worsening renal function and mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Kidney Int Rep 2020;5:1486\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.06.031; PMID: 32954072. DOI: 10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.06.031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.06.031"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lala A, Coca S, Feinman J, et al. Standardized definitions of changes in kidney function in trials of heart failure: JACC expert panel from the HF-ARC. J Am Coll Cardiol 2025;85:766\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.11.041; PMID: 39971410. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.11.041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.11.041"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokolski M, Zymli\u0144ski R, Biegus J, et al. Urinary levels of novel kidney biomarkers and risk of true worsening renal function and mortality in patients with acute heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:760\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.746; PMID: 28133864. DOI: 10.1002\/ejhf.746","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.746"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar A, Chidambaram V, Geetha HS, et al. Renal biomarkers in heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Adv 2024;3:100765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacadv.2023.100765; PMID: 38939376. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacadv.2023.100765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2023.100765"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng LL, Squire IB, Jones DJL, et al. Proenkephalin, renal dysfunction, and prognosis in patients with acute heart failure: a GREAT network study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:56\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.10.038; PMID: 28057251. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.10.038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.10.038"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad T, Jackson K, Rao VS, et al. Worsening renal function in patients with acute heart failure undergoing aggressive diuresis is not associated with tubular injury. Circulation 2018;137:2016\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.117.030112; PMID: 29352071. DOI: 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000590","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000590"},{"key":"ref74","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2024;105:S117\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018; PMID: 38490803."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christodorescu R, Geavlete O, Ferrini M, et al. Translating the 2021 ESC heart failure guideline recommendations in daily practice: results from a heart failure survey. a scientific statement of the ESC Council for Cardiology Practice and the Heart Failure Association of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2025;27:412\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.3444; PMID: 39318024. DOI: 10.1002\/ejhf.3444","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3444"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong FF, Vaitenas I, Malaisrie SC, Maganti K. Mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction: a review. JAMA Cardiol 2021;6:341\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.3690; PMID: 33295949. DOI: 10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.3690","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.3690"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samsky MD, Morrow DA, Proudfoot AG, et al. Cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction: a review. JAMA 2021;326:1840\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.18323; PMID: 34751704. DOI: 10.1001\/jama.2021.18323","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18323"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cubeddu RJ, Lorusso R, Ronco D, et al. Ventricular septal rupture after myocardial infarction: JACC focus Seminar 3\/5. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024;83:1886\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.01.041; PMID: 38719369. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.01.041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.01.041"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen S, Naqvi TZ. Point-of-care ultrasound in detection, severity and mechanism of significant valvular heart disease and clinical management. J Clin Med 2023;12:6474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12206474; PMID: 37892613. DOI: 10.3390\/jcm12206474","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12206474"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stenberg R, Bowling J, Jacquet J, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound diagnosis of acute valvular emergencies. Am J Emerg Med 2025;89:36\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.009; PMID: 39689631. DOI: 10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.11.009"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Writing Committee, Drazner MH, Bozkurt B, et al. 2024 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on strategies and criteria for the diagnosis and management of myocarditis: a report of the American College of Cardiology solution set oversight committee. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024;85:391\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.10.080; PMID: 39665703. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.10.080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.10.080"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang TKM, Klein AL, Cremer PC, et al. 2025 Concise clinical guidance: an ACC expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of pericarditis: a report of the American College of Cardiology solution set oversight committee. J Am Coll Cardiol 2025;86:2691\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.05.023; PMID: 40767817. DOI: 10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.05.023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.05.023"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rich MW, Shah AS, Vinson JM, et al. Iatrogenic congestive heart failure in older adults: clinical course and prognosis. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996;44:638\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01824.x; PMID: 8642152. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01824.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01824.x"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Dalen DH, Kragten JA, Emans ME, et al. Acute heart failure and iron deficiency: a prospective, multicentre, observational study. ESC Heart Fail 2022;9:398\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.13737; PMID: 34862747. DOI: 10.1002\/ehf2.13737","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13737"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mentz RJ, Garg J, Rockhold FW, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose in heart failure with iron deficiency. N Engl J Med 2023;389:975\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2304968; PMID: 37632463. DOI: 10.1056\/NEJMoa2304968","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304968"},{"key":"ref86","unstructured":"Kalra PR, Cleland JGF, Petrie MC, et al. Intravenous ferric derisomaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency in the UK (IRONMAN): an investigator-initiated, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial. Lancet 2022;400:2199\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(22)02083-9; PMID: 36347265."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page RL 2nd, O\u2019Bryant CL, Cheng D, et al. Drugs that may cause or exacerbate heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2016;134:e32\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/cir.0000000000000426; PMID: 27400984. DOI: 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000449","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000449"}],"container-title":["Cardiac Failure Review"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cfrjournal.com\/articleindex\/cfr.2025.49","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T13:46:37Z","timestamp":1787665597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cfrjournal.com\/articleindex\/cfr.2025.49"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":88,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/cfr.2025.49","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-7540","2057-7559"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-7540","type":"print"},{"value":"2057-7559","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"article-number":"e24"}}