{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T13:11:33Z","timestamp":1785503493269,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Radcliffe Medical Media Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Card Fail Rev"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Central sleep apnoea (CSA) and Cheyne\u2013Stokes respiration are prevalent in patients with heart failure and contribute to disease progression, increased risk of death, heart failure hospitalisations and reduced quality of life. The 2025 American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Central Sleep Apnea in Adults represents a major advance, recognising transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation as an evidence-based therapy for adults with CSA, including those with heart failure, as well as updating the clinical data on adaptive servo-ventilation. This review summarises key updates in the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2025 guideline, examines the pathophysiological link between CSA and heart failure, and evaluates the clinical evidence and practical considerations for treatment. Current evidence indicates improvements in apnoea indices, oxygenation and quality of life, while the effect on mortality and hospitalisation needs additional prospective randomised data. Identification of patients with signs and symptoms which are likely due to central sleep apnoea is often missed in clinical practice, and treatment has a significant impact on quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2025.60","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T12:42:00Z","timestamp":1785501720000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The 2025 American Academy of Sleep Medicine Central Sleep Apnoea Guidelines and the Heart Failure Patient"],"prefix":"10.15420","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2318-2471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon M","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036wkjd70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ZOLL Medical Corporation (United States)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y3ad647","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4805-1037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William T","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6096","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oldenburg O, Lamp B, Faber L, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing in patients with symptomatic heart failure: a contemporary study of prevalence in and characteristics of 700 patients. Eur J Heart Fail 2007;9:251\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejheart.2006.08.003; PMID:\u00a017027333.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2006.08.003"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javaheri S, Dempsey JA. Central sleep apnea. Compr Physiol 2013;3:141\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c110057; PMID:\u00a023720283.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2013.tb00482.x"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaneko Y, Floras JS, Usui K, et al. Cardiovascular effects of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1233\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa022479; PMID:\u00a012660387.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022479"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badr MS, Khayat RN, Allam JS, et al. Treatment of central sleep apnea in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med 2025;21:2181\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.11858; PMID:\u00a040820608.","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.11858"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javaheri S, Giannoni A, Somers VK, et al. Central sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: state-of-the-art. Sleep 2025;48:zsae307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsae307; PMID:\u00a039786443.","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae307"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naughton MT, Kee K. Sleep apnoea in heart failure: to treat or not to treat? Respirology 2017;22:217\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/resp.12964; PMID:\u00a027998040.","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12964"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanfranchi PA, Somers VK, Braghiroli A, et al. Central sleep apnea in left ventricular dysfunction: prevalence and implications for arrhythmic risk. Circulation 2003;107:727\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.CIR.0000049641.11675.EE; PMID:\u00a012578876.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000049641.11675.EE"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khayat R, Jarjoura D, Porter K, et al. Sleep disordered breathing and post-discharge mortality in patients with acute heart failure. Eur Heart J 2015;36:1463\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu522; PMID:\u00a025636743.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu522"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal R, Sharafkhaneh A, Gottlieb DJ, et al. Mortality patterns associated with central sleep apnea among veterans: a large, retrospective, longitudinal report. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2023;20:450\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202207-648OC; PMID:\u00a036375082.","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202207-648OC"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowie MR, Woehrle H, Wegscheider K, et al. Adaptive servo-ventilation for central sleep apnea in systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2015;373:1095\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1506459; PMID:\u00a026323938.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1506459"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradley TD, Logan AG, Lorenzi Filho G, et al. Adaptive servo-ventilation for sleep-disordered breathing in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (ADVENT-HF): a multicentre, multinational, parallel-group, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2024;12:153\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00374-0; PMID:\u00a038142697.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00374-0"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redline S, Li D, Javaheri S, et al. Nocturnal oxygen therapy for central sleep apnea in patients with heart failure: a multisite, double-blind, sham-controlled randomized clinical trial (LOFT-HF). Ann Am Thorac Soc 2025;22:1951\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202504-409OC;  PMID:\u00a040929650.","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202504-409OC"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz AR, Sgambati FP, James KJ, et al. Novel phrenic nerve stimulator treats Cheyne\u2013Stokes respiration: polysomnographic insights. J Clin Sleep Med 2020;16:817\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.8328; PMID:\u00a032024583.","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8328"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costanzo MR, Ponikowski P, Javaheri S, et al. Transvenous neurostimulation for central sleep apnoea: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016;388:974\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30961-8; PMID:\u00a027598679.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30961-8"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costanzo MR, Javaheri S, Ponikowski P, et al. Transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation for treatment of central sleep apnea: five-year safety and efficacy outcomes. Nat Sci Sleep 2021;13:515\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NSS.S300713; PMID:\u00a033953626.","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S300713"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costanzo MR, Ponikowski P, Coats A, et al. Phrenic nerve stimulation to treat patients with central sleep apnoea and heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:1746\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.1312; PMID:\u00a030303611.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1312"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potratz M, Sohns C, Dumitrescu D, et al. Phrenic nerve stimulation improves physical performance and hypoxemia in heart failure patients with central sleep apnea. J Clin Med 2021;10:202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10020202; PMID:\u00a033429858.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020202"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mease J, Augostini R, McKane S, Khan M. Phrenic nerve stimulation for central sleep apnea: a single institution experience. Sleep Breath 2024;28:2089\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-024-03125-x; PMID:\u00a039085559.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-024-03125-x"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voigt J, Emani S, Gupta S, et al. Meta-analysis comparing outcomes of therapies for patients with central sleep apnea and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol 2020;127:73\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.04.011; PMID:\u00a032430162.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.04.011"}],"container-title":["Cardiac Failure Review"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cfrjournal.com\/articleindex\/cfr.2025.60","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T12:42:07Z","timestamp":1785501727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cfrjournal.com\/articleindex\/cfr.2025.60"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":19,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/cfr.2025.60","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-7540","2057-7559"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-7540","type":"print"},{"value":"2057-7559","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"article-number":"e18"}}