{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:45:30Z","timestamp":1790376330336,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Radcliffe Medical Media Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Cardiol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronary slow flow (CSF) phenomenon, also known as cardiac syndrome Y, is defined as the delayed opacification of the coronary vasculature at the distal level. Different hypotheses and theories have been postulated about its substrate and mechanism, such as microvascular and endothelial dysfunction. Several studies have confirmed that CSF is a cause of ischaemia detected by non-invasive testing. Clinically, it can present as angina pectoris, acute coronary syndrome and sudden cardiac death. It has an incidence of 1\u20135% in patients undergoing coronary angiography and has been most frequently found in young men who are smokers with metabolic syndrome. There are no established treatments for CSF and further studies are still necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2021.46","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T18:10:54Z","timestamp":1647367854000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Slow Coronary Blood Flow: Pathogenesis and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.15420","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1459-1748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Aparicio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Area de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica del Coraz\u00f3n, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0388-844X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica del Coraz\u00f3n, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2871-190X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Mor\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica del Coraz\u00f3n, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6454-765X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica del Coraz\u00f3n, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6096","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beltrame JF, Limaye SB, Horowitz JD. The coronary slow flow phenomenon \u2013 a new coronary microvascular disorder. Cardiology 2002;97:197\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000063121; PMID:\u00a012145474.","DOI":"10.1159\/000063121"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alvarez C, Siu H. Coronary slow-flow phenomenon as an underrecognized and treatable source of chest pain: case series and literature review. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2018;6:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2324709618789194; PMID:\u00a030038914.","DOI":"10.1177\/2324709618789194"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mangieri E, Macchiarelli G, Ciavolella M, et al. Slow coronary flow: clinical and histopathological features in patients with otherwise normal epicardial coronary arteries. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1996;37:375\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0304(199604)37:4<375::AID-CCD7>3.0.CO;2-8; PMID:\u00a08721694.","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-0304(199604)37:4<375::aid-ccd7>3.0.co;2-8"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beltrame J, Limaye SB, Wuttke R, et al. Coronary hemodynamic and metabolic studies of the coronary slow flow phenomenon. Am Heart J 2003;146:84\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-8703(03)00124-8; PMID:\u00a012851612.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-8703(03)00124-8"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tambe AA, Demany MA, Zimmerman HA, et al. Angina pectoris and slow flow velocity of dye in coronary arteries \u2013 a new angiographic finding. Am Heart J 1972;84:66\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-8703(72)90307-9; PMID:\u00a05080284.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(72)90307-9"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Wang X, Nie Sh. The coronary slow flow phenomenon: characteristics, mechanisms and implications. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2011;1:37\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3978\/j.issn.2223-3652.2011.10.01; PMID:\u00a024282683."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yilmaz H, Demir I, Uyar Z. Clinical and coronary angiographic characteristics of patients with coronary slow flow. Acta Cardiologica 2008;63:579\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2143\/AC.63.5.2033224; PMID:\u00a019014000.","DOI":"10.2143\/ac.63.5.2033224"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beltrame JF, Turner SP, Horowitz JD. Persistence of the coronary slow flow phenomenon. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9149(01)01839-2; PMID:\u00a011676972.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9149(01)01839-2"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sezgin AT, Barutcu I, Sezgin N, et al. Contribution of plasma lipid disturbances to vascular endothelial function in patients with slow coronary flow. Angiology 2006;57:694\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0003319706295472; PMID:\u00a017235109.","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319706295472"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sezgin N, Barutcu I, Sezgin AT, et al. Plasma nitric oxide level and its role in slow coronary flow phenomenon. Int Heart J 2005;46:373\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1536\/ihj.46.373; PMID:\u00a016043934.","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.46.373"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tanriverdi H, Evrengul H, Enli Y, et al. Effect of homocysteine-induced oxidative stress on endothelial function in coronary slow-flow. Cardiology 2007;107:313\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000099068; PMID:\u00a017264512.","DOI":"10.1159\/000099068"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hawkins BM, Stavrakis S, Rousan TA, et al. Coronary slow flow: prevalence and clinical correlations. Circ J 2012;76:936\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1253\/circj.CJ-11-0959; PMID:\u00a022293446.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.cj-11-0959"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beltrame JF. Defining the coronary slow flow phenomenon. Circ J 2012;76:818\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1253\/circj.CJ-12-0205; PMID:\u00a022374148.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-12-0205"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li JJ, Wu YJ, Xue-Wen XW. Should slow coronary flow be considered as a coronary syndrome? Med Hypotheses 2006;66:953\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2005.11.025; PMID:\u00a016413138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2005.11.025"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leone MC, Gori T, Fineschi M. The coronary slow flow phenomenon: a new cardiac \u2018Y\u2019 syndrome? Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2008;39:185\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/CH-2008-1079; PMID:\u00a018503124.","DOI":"10.3233\/ch-2008-1079"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vane JR, Anggard EE, Botting RM. Regulatory functions of the vascular endothelium. N Engl J Med 1990;323:27\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199007053230106; PMID:\u00a02113184.","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199007053230106"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Finley JJ, Savage MP. Coronary slow flow phenomenon: more than just an angiographic curiosity. Interventional Cardiology 2012;4:337\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/ica.12.23.","DOI":"10.2217\/ica.12.23"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Camsari A, Pekdemir H, Ci\u00e7ek D, et al. Endothelin-1 and nitric oxide concentrations and their response to exercise in patients with slow coronary flow. Circ J 2003;67:1022\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1253\/circj.67.1022; PMID:\u00a014639018.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.67.1022"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erbay AR, Turhan H, Yasar AS, et al. Elevated level of plasma homocysteine in patients with slow coronary flow. Int J Cardiol 2005;102:419\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2004.05.064; PMID:\u00a016004886.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2004.05.064"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barutcu I, Sezgin AT, Sezgin N, et al. Elevated plasma homocysteine level in slow coronary flow. Int J Cardiol 2005;101:143\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2004.01.030; PMID:\u00a015860399.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2004.01.030"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pekdemir H, Cin VG, Cicek D, et al. Slow coronary flow may be a sign of diffuse atherosclerosis. Contribution of FFR and IVUS. Acta Cardiol 2004;59:127\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2143\/AC.59.2.2005166; PMID:\u00a015139652.","DOI":"10.2143\/ac.59.2.2005166"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kopetz V, Kennedy J, Heresztyn T, et al. Endothelial function, oxidative stress and inflammatory studies in chronic coronary slow flow phenomenon patients. Cardiology 2012;121:197\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000336948; PMID:\u00a022508423.","DOI":"10.1159\/000336948"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beltrame JF, Limaye SB, Wuttke RD, et al. Coronary hemodynamic and metabolic studies of the coronary slow flow phenomenon. Am Heart J 2003;146:84\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-8703(03)00124-8; PMID:\u00a012851612.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-8703(03)00124-8"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanati H, Kiani R, Shakerian F, et al. Coronary slow flow phenomenon: clinical findings and predictors. Res Cardiovasc Med 2016;5:e30296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/cardiovascmed.30296; PMID:\u00a026889458.\u00a0","DOI":"10.5812\/cardiovascmed.30296"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li JJ, Qin XW, Li ZC, et al. Increased plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 concentrations in patients with slow coronary flow. Clin Chim Acta 2007;385:43\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2007.05.024; PMID:\u00a017706955.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2007.05.024"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Turhan H, Saydam GS, Erbay AR, et al. Increased plasma soluble adhesion molecules; ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin levels in patients with slow coronary flow. Int J Cardiol 2006; 108:224\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2005.05.008; PMID:\u00a016002164.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2005.05.008"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kalay N, Aytekin M, Kaya MG, et al. The relationship between inflammation and slow coronary flow: increased red cell distribution width and serum uric acid levels. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2011;39:463\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5543\/tkda.2011.01578; PMID:\u00a021918315.","DOI":"10.5543\/tkda.2011.01578"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kantarci M, G\u00fcndogdu F, Doganay S, et al. Arterial bending angle and wall morphology correlate with slow coronary flow: determination with multidetector CT coronary angiography. Eur J Radiol 2011;77:111\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.07.002; PMID:\u00a019647387.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.07.002"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chaudhry MA, Smith M, Hanna EB, et al. Diverse spectrum of presentation of coronary slow flow phenomenon: a concise review of the literature. Cardiol Res Pract 2012;383181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/383181; PMID:\u00a022645695.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/383181"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Atak R, Turhan H, Sezgin AT, et al. Effects of slow coronary artery flow on QT interval duration and dispersion. Ann Non Invasive Electrocardiol 2003;8:107\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1542-474X.2003.08203.x; PMID:\u00a012848790.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1542-474x.2003.08203.x"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mosseri M, Yarom R, Gotsman MS, et al. Histologic evidence for small-vessel coronary artery disease in patients with angina pectoris and patent large coronary arteries. Circulation 1986;74:964\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.CIR.74.5.964; PMID:\u00a03769180.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.74.5.964"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James TN. Small arteries of the heart. Circulation 1977;56:2\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.CIR.56.1.2; PMID:\u00a016706.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.56.1.2"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cannon RO 3rd, Leon MB, Watson RM, et al. Chest pain and \u2018normal\u2019 coronary arteries \u2013 role of small coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 1985;55:B50\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9149(85)90613-7; PMID:\u00a03969858.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(85)90613-7"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ozcan T, Gen R, Akbay E, et al. The correlation of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count with insulin resistance in patients with slow coronary flow. Coron Artery Dis 2008;19:591\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCA.0b013e32831381c8; PMID:\u00a019005294.","DOI":"10.1097\/mca.0b013e32831381c8"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Binak E, Gunduz H, Sahin M, et al. The relation between impaired glucose tolerance and slow coronary flow. Int J Cardiol 2006;111:142\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2005.09.007; PMID:\u00a016297474.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2005.09.007"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sanghvi S, Mathur R, Baroopal A, et al. Clinical, demographic, risk factor and angiographic profile of coronary slow flow phenomenon: a single centre experience. Indian Heart J 2018;70:290\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ihj.2018.06.001; PMID:\u00a030595277.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2018.06.001"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Ciavolella M, Avella A, Bellagamba S, et al. Angina and normal epicardial coronary arteries: radionuclide features and pathophysiological implications at long-term follow-up. Coron Artery Dis 1994;5:493\u20139. PMID:\u00a07952408."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gulel O, Akcay M, Soylu K, et al. Left ventricular myocardial deformation parameters are affected by coronary slow flow phenomenon: a study of speckle tracking echocardiography. Echocardiography 2016;33:714\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/echo.13146; PMID:\u00a026668075.","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.13146"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elsherbiny IA. Left ventricular function and exercise capacity in patients with slow coronary flow. Echocardiography 2012;29:158\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2011.01552.x; PMID:\u00a022044729.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2011.01552.x"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Ma C, Zhang Y, et al. Assessment of left and right ventricular diastolic and systolic functions using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in patients with coronary slow-flow phenomenon. PLoS One 2015;10:e0117979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0117979; PMID:\u00a025706989.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117979"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baykan M, Baykan EC, Turan S, et al. Assessment of left ventricular function and Tei index by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with slow coronary flow. Echocardiography 2009;26:1167\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2009.00939.x; PMID:\u00a019725862.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2009.00939.x"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay S, Kumar M, Yusuf J, et al. Risk factors and angiographic profile of coronary slow flow (CSF) phenomenon in North Indian population: an observational study. Indian Heart J 2018;70:405\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2017.09.001"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2017.09.001; PMID:\u00a029961458."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang Y, Jia D et al. Assessment of risk factors and left ventricular function in patients with slow coronary flow. Heart Vessels 2016;31:288\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00380-014-0606-4; PMID:\u00a025475386.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-014-0606-4"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rouzbahani M, Farajolahi S, Montazeri N, et al. Prevalence and predictors of slow coronary flow phenomenon in Kermanshah province. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2021;13:37\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/jcvtr.2021.03; PMID:\u00a033815700.","DOI":"10.34172\/jcvtr.2021.03"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li L, Gu Y, Liu T, et al. A randomized, single-center double-blinded trial on the effects of diltiazem sustained-release capsules in patients with coronary slow flow phenomenon at 6-month follow-up. PLoS One 2012;7:e38851.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038851"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038851; PMID:\u00a022761709."},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Mehta HH, Morris M, Fischman DL, et al. The spontaneous coronary slow-flow phenomenon: reversal by intracoronary nicardipine. J Invasive Cardiol 2019;31:42\u20135. PMID:\u00a030555052."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beltrame JF, Turner SP, Leslie SL, et al. The angiographic and clinical benefits of mibefradil in the coronary slow flow phenomenon. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:57\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.03.055; PMID:\u00a015234407.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.03.055"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li JJ, Zheng X, Li J. Statins may be beneficial for patients with slow coronary flow syndrome due to its anti-inflammatory property. Med Hypotheses 2007;69:333\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.09.070;","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.09.070"},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"PMID:\u00a017215087."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cakmak M, Tanriverdi H, Cakmak N, et al. Simvastatin may improve myocardial perfusion abnormality in slow coronary flow. Cardiology 2008;110:39\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000109405; PMID:\u00a017934268.","DOI":"10.1159\/000109405"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Albayrak S, Ordu S, Yuksel H, et al. Efficacy of nebivolol on flow-mediated dilation in patients with slow coronary flow. Int Heart J 2009;50:545\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1536\/ihj.50.545; PMID:\u00a019809204.","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.50.545"},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"Ak\u00e7ay A, Acar G, Kuruta\u015f E, et al. Beneficial effects of nebivolol treatment on oxidative stress parameters in patients with slow coronary flow. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2010;38:244\u20139. PMID:\u00a020935430."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simsek H, Yaman M, Babat N, et al. Decreased risk of ventricular arrhythmias with treatment of nebivolol in patients with coronary slow flow. Kardiol Pol 2016;74:1174\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/KP.a2016.0060; PMID:\u00a027160173.","DOI":"10.5603\/kp.a2016.0060"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ozdogru I, Zencir C, Dogan A, et al. Acute effects of intracoronary nitroglycerin and diltiazem in coronary slow flow phenomenon. J Investig Med 2013;61:45\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2310\/JIM.0b013e318279b7f6; PMID:\u00a023222003.","DOI":"10.2310\/jim.0b013e318279b7f6"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sani HD, Eshraghi A, Nezafati M, et al. Nicorandil versus nitroglycerin for symptomatic relief of angina in patients with slow coronary flow phenomenon: a randomized clinical trial. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2015;20:401\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1074248415571457; PMID:\u00a025701829.","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248415571457"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sadamatsu K, Tashiro H, Yoshida K, et al. Acute effects of isosorbided initrate and nicorandil on the coronary slow flow phenomenon. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2010;10:203\u20138.","DOI":"10.2165\/11537280-000000000-00000"},{"key":"ref58","unstructured":"10.2165\/11537280-000000000-00000; PMID:\u00a020524721."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zavala-Alarcon E, Cecena F, Little R, et al. The no-flow phenomenon during diagnostic coronary angiography. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2005;6:126\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carrev.2005.07.007; PMID:\u00a016275610.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2005.07.007"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chalikias G, Tziakas D. Slow coronary flow: pathophysiology, clinical implications, and therapeutic management. Angiology 2021;72:808\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00033197211004390; PMID:\u00a033779300.","DOI":"10.1177\/00033197211004390"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kurtoglu N, Akcay A, Dindar I. Usefulness of oral dipyridamole therapy for angiographic slow coronary artery flow. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:777\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)01503-4; PMID:\u00a011249903.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9149(00)01503-4"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pauly DF, Johnson BD, Anderson RD, et al. In women with symptoms of cardiac ischemia, nonobstructive coronary arteries, and microvascular dysfunction, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition is associated with improved microvascular function: a double-blind randomized study from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Women\u2019s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE). Am Heart J 2011;162:678\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.07.011; PMID:\u00a021982660.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.07.011"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Candemir M, \u015eahinarslan A, Yazol M, et al. Determination of myocardial scar tissue in coronary slow flow phenomenon and the relationship between amount of scar tissue and NT-proBNP. Arq Bras Cardiol 2020;114:540\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36660\/abc.2018149; PMID:\u00a032267328.","DOI":"10.36660\/abc.2018149"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pravin K, Goel MD, Suresh K, et al. Slow coronary flow: a distinct angiographic subgroup in syndrome X. Angiology 2001;52:507\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000331970105200801; PMID:\u00a011512688.","DOI":"10.1177\/000331970105200801"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fineschi M, Gori T. Coronary slow-flow phenomenon or syndrome Y: a microvascular angina awaiting recognition. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:239\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.09.082; PMID:\u00a020620747.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.09.082"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang X, Geng LL, Nie SP. Coronary slow flow phenomenon: a local or systemic disease? Med Hypotheses 2010;75:334\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2010.03.016; PMID:\u00a020385447.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2010.03.016"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elamragy AA, Abdelhalim AA, Arafa ME, Baghdady YM. Anxiety and depression relationship with coronary slow flow. PLoS One 2019;14:e0221918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0221918; PMID:\u00a031487310.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221918"}],"container-title":["European Cardiology Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ecrjournal.com\/articleindex\/ecr.2021.46","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T18:22:00Z","timestamp":1647368520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ecrjournal.com\/articleindex\/ecr.2021.46"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"references-count":68,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/ecr.2021.46","relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-3764","1758-3756"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-3764","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1758-3756","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"article-number":"e08"}}