{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:11:21Z","timestamp":1785413481057,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Radcliffe Medical Media Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Interv Cardiol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There is a lack of studies systematically addressing long-term echocardiographic features after patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure. Thus, the present study investigated long-term echocardiographic features after percutaneous closure of PFO. Methods: This was a single-centre observational study based on the institutional registry of consecutive patients undergoing PFO closure. Clinical and echocardiographic features during the follow-up were investigated. Results: Between 2006 and 2023, 355 consecutive patients underwent PFO closure following transitory ischaemic attack (TIA) or cerebrovascular insult (CVI). Echocardiography immediately after the procedure and at 6 months was performed in 306 (86%) patients, who had repeat examinations at either between 1 and 5 years (median 1.32 years), between 5 and 10 years (median 7.10 years) or after 10 years (median 11.64 years). The percentage of patients with complete closure (no bubbles during the Valsalva manoeuvre) increased from 64% after the procedure to 80% at 6 months (p&lt;0.05), and ranged between 77% and 81% thereafter (NS). Functional closure (\u226410 bubbles) was observed in 93% of patients after the procedure and remained between 94% and 97% thereafter (NS). Except for decreased immediate complete closure (60% versus 83%; p&lt;0.001), there was no difference between the Amplatzer PFO occluder and alternative devices. Among the 15 patients with greater than moderate residual shunt, reasons for the shunt were determined in 73% of patients and included leakage at the level of device, fenestration\/atrial septal defect and pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. There was no late device embolisation, thrombus formation or pericardial effusion. Clinical follow-up revealed recurrent TIA and CVI rates of 0.11 and 0.06 per 100 patient-years, respectively. Conclusion: We demonstrated high (&gt;90%) and persistent functional PFO closure beyond 10 years, independent of closure device. There was no late device embolisation, thrombus formation or pericardial effusion. Favourable echocardiographic features were associated with very low rates of recurrent TIA or CVI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15420\/icr.2025.30","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T10:54:46Z","timestamp":1768560886000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Long-term Echocardiographic Features After Percutaneous Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale"],"prefix":"10.15420","author":[{"given":"Maja","family":"Rojko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasa Cernic","family":"Suligoj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/045wtka37","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Izola General Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojana","family":"Zvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05njb9z20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Ljubljana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metka","family":"Zorc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05njb9z20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Ljubljana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saibal","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Noc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05njb9z20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Ljubljana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6096","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8ndergaard L, Kasner SE, Rhodes JF, et al. Patent foramen ovale closure or antiplatelet therapy for cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med 2017;377:1033\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1707404; PMID:\u00a028902580.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707404"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carroll JD, Saver JL, Thaler DE, et al. Closure of patent foramen ovale versus medical therapy after cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1092\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1301440; PMID:\u00a023514286.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1301440"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Mas JL, Derumeaux G, Guillon B, et al. Patent foramen ovale closure or anticoagulation vs. antiplatelets after stroke. N Engl J Med 2017;377:1011\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1705915; PMID:\u00a028902593."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asghar A, Canthiya L, Khachatrian A, et al. Long-term cerebrovascular outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure in observational studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2025;34:108189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.108189; PMID:\u00a039667439.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.108189"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scalise F, Auguadro C, Sorropago G, et al. Long-term contrast echocardiography and clinical follow-up after percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale using two different atrial septal occluder devices. J Interv Cardiol 2016;29:406\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joic.12314; PMID:\u00a027338839.","DOI":"10.1111\/joic.12314"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wintzer-Wehekind J, Alperi A, Houde C, et al. Long-term follow-up after closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;73:278\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.10.061; PMID:\u00a030678757.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.10.061"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noc M, Cernic Suligoj N, Zvan B, et al. In-tunnel closure of patent foramen ovale with a FlatStent EF\u2122. Kardiol Pol 2015;73:549\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/KP.a2015.0026; PMID:\u00a025733171.","DOI":"10.5603\/KP.a2015.0026"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suligoj NC, Rojko M, Suligoj B, et al. Long-term transesophageal echocardiography after patent foramen ovale closure by BioStar and Amplatzer patent foramen ovale occluders. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2020;95:349\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccd.28360; PMID:\u00a031131978.","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28360"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng W, Yin S, McMullin D, et al. Residual shunt after patent foramen ovale closure and long-term stroke recurrence: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2020;172:717\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M19-3583; PMID:\u00a032422058.","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-3583"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eeckhout E, Martin S, Delabays A, et al. Very long-term follow-up after percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale. EuroIntervention 2015;10:1474\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4244\/eijv10i12a257; PMID:\u00a024429213.","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV10I12A257"}],"container-title":["Interventional Cardiology Reviews Research Resources"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.icrjournal.com\/articleindex\/icr.2025.30","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T10:54:54Z","timestamp":1768560894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.icrjournal.com\/articleindex\/icr.2025.30"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":10,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/icr.2025.30","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-1477","1756-1485"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-1477","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-1485","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"article-number":"e01"}}