{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:07:02Z","timestamp":1791958022174,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Radcliffe Medical Media Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mortality of cardiogenic shock (CS) remains unacceptably high. Delays in the recognition of CS and access to disease-modifying or hemodynamically stabilizing interventions likely contribute to poor outcomes. In parallel to successful initiatives in other disease states, such as acute ST-elevation MI and major trauma, institutions are increasingly advocating the use of a multidisciplinary \u2018shock team\u2019 approach to CS management. A volume\u2013outcome relationship exists in CS, as with many other acute cardiovascular conditions, and the emergence of \u2018shock hubs\u2019 as experienced facilities with an interest in improving CS outcomes through a hub-and-spoke \u2018shock network\u2019 approach provides another opportunity to deliver improved CS care as widely and equitably as possible. This narrative review outlines improvements from a networked approach to care, discusses a team-based and protocolized approach to CS management, reviews the available evidence and discusses the potential benefits, challenges, and opportunities of such systems of care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15420\/usc.2021.10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T11:21:44Z","timestamp":1634728904000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cardiogenic Shock: Protocols, Teams, Centers, and Networks"],"prefix":"10.15420","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9622-8354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex F","family":"Warren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South-East Scotland School of Anaesthesia, Edinburgh, UK; Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Rosner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7284-6983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghav","family":"Gattani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5656-4401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex G","family":"Truesdell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA; Virginia Heart, Falls Church, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9935-0438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alastair G","family":"Proudfoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perioperative Medicine,  Barts Heart Centre, London, UK; Clinic for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, German Heart Centre Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6096","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"Chioncel O, Parissis J, Mebazaa A, et al. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and contemporary management of cardiogenic shock \u2013 a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:1315\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.1922; PMID:\u00a032469155."},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stead EA Jr, Ebert RV. Shock syndrome produced by failure of the heart. Arch Intern Med 1942;69:369\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.1942.00200150002001.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1942.00200150002001"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vahdatpour C, Collins D, Goldberg S. Cardiogenic shock. J Am Heart Assoc 2019;8:e011991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.119.011991; PMID:\u00a030947630.","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.119.011991"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohula EA, Katz JN, van Diepen S, et al. Demographics, care patterns, and outcomes of patients admitted to cardiac intensive care units. JAMA Cardiol 2019;4:928\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.2467; PMID:\u00a031339509.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.2467"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Berg DD, Bohula EA, van Diepen S, et al. Epidemiology of shock in contemporary cardiac intensive care units. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2019;12:e005618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005618; PMID:\u00a030879324."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baran DA, Grines CL, Bailey S, et al. SCAI clinical expert consensus statement on the classification of cardiogenic shock. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2019;94:29\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccd.28329; PMID:\u00a031104355.","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28329"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Samsky M, Krucoff M, Althouse AD, et al. Clinical and regulatory landscape for cardiogenic shock: a report from the Cardiac Safety Research Consortium ThinkTank on cardiogenic shock. Am Heart J 2020;219:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ahj.2019.10.006; PMID:\u00a031707323.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2019.10.006"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Edwards FH, Ferraris VA, Kurlansky PA, et al. Failure to rescue rates after coronary artery bypass grafting: an analysis from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons adult cardiac surgery database. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;102:458\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2016.04.051; PMID:\u00a027344280.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2016.04.051"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huber K, Gersh BJ, Goldstein P, et al. The organization, function, and outcomes of ST-elevation myocardial infarction networks worldwide: current state, unmet needs and future directions. Eur Heart J 2014;35:1526\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu125; PMID:\u00a024742888.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu125"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moran CG, Lecky F, Bouamra O, et al. Changing the system \u2013 major trauma patients and their outcomes in the NHS (England) 2008\u201317. EClinicalmedicine 2018;2\u20133:13\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2018.07.001; PMID:\u00a031193723.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2018.07.001"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Warren A, Chiu Y-D, Villar SS, et al. Outcomes of the NHS England National Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Service for adults with respiratory failure: a multicentre observational cohort study. Br J Anaesth 2020;125:259\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2020.05.065; PMID:\u00a032736826.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.05.065"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tchantchaleishvili V, Hallinan W, Massey HT. Call for organized statewide networks for management of acute myocardial infarction-related cardiogenic shock. JAMA Surg 2015;150:1025\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamasurg.2015.2412; PMID:\u00a026375168.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2015.2412"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rab T, Ratanapo S, Kern KB, et al. Cardiac shock care centers: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:1972\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.07.074; PMID:\u00a030309475.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.07.074"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Truesdell AG, Tehrani B, Singh R, et al. \u2018Combat\u2019 approach to cardiogenic shock. Interv Cardiol 2018;13:81\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/icr.2017:35:3; PMID:\u00a029928313.","DOI":"10.15420\/icr.2017:35:3"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tehrani BN, Truesdell AG, Sherwood MW, et al. Standardized team-based care for cardiogenic shock. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;73:1659\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.084; PMID:\u00a030947919.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.084"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee F, Hutson JH, Boodhwani M, et al. Multidisciplinary code shock team in cardiogenic shock: a Canadian centre experience. Cjc Open 2020;2:249\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjco.2020.03.009; PMID:\u00a032695976.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2020.03.009"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Taleb I, Koliopoulou AG, Tandar A, et al. Shock team approach in refractory cardiogenic shock requiring short-term mechanical circulatory support. Circulation 2019;140:98\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.119.040654; PMID:\u00a031549877.","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.119.040654"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Basir MB, Kapur NK, Patel K, et al. Improved outcomes associated with the use of shock protocols: updates from the National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2019;93:1173\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccd.28307; PMID:\u00a031025538.","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28307"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Tierney MC. Hub & spoke: improving cardiogenic shock outcomes at WellStar. Cardiovascular Business 2019;Sept\u2013Oct:22\u20135. https:\/\/www.cardiovascularbusiness.com\/sponsored\/1172\/topics\/practice-management\/hub-spoke-improving-cardiogenic-shock-outcomes-wellstar (accessed March 7, 2021)."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jaroszewski DE, Kleisli T, Staley L, et al. A traveling team concept to expedite the transfer and management of unstable patients in cardiopulmonary shock. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:618\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healun.2010.11.018; PMID:\u00a021239189.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2010.11.018"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beurtheret S, Mordant P, Paoletti X, et al. Emergency circulatory support in refractory cardiogenic shock patients in remote institutions: a pilot study (the Cardiac-RESCUE program). Eur Heart J 2013;34:112\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs081; PMID:\u00a022513777.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs081"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali JM, Vuylsteke A, Fowles JA, et al. Transfer of patients with cardiogenic shock using veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020;34:374\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jvca.2019.05.012; PMID:\u00a031221511.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2019.05.012"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, et al. Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1287\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa1208410; PMID:\u00a022920912.","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1208410"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wayangankar SA, Bangalore S, McCoy LA, et al. Temporal trends and outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions for cardiogenic shock in the setting of acute myocardial infarction: a report from the CathPCI registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016;9:341\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcin.2015.10.039; PMID:\u00a026803418.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2015.10.039"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Thiele H, Akin I, Sandri M, et al. Strategies in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Medicine. 2017;377:2419\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1710261; PMID:\u00a029083953."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lauridsen MD, Rorth R, Lindholm MG, et al. P5012: Ten-year trends and outcomes in cardiogenic shock related to first-time acute myocardial infarction: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Eur Heart J 2019;40(Suppl 1):ehz746.0190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz746.0190.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz746.0190"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"American College of Surgeons (ACS) Committee on Trauma. Advanced Trauma Life Support. 10th ed. Chicago, IL: ACS, 2018."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumbhani DJ, Cannon CP, Fonarow GC, et al. Association of hospital primary angioplasty volume in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with quality and outcomes. JAMA 2009;302:2207\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2009.1715; PMID:\u00a019934421.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1715"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shah N, Chothani A, Agarwal V, et al. Impact of annual hospital volume on outcomes after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation in the contemporary era. J Card Fail 2016;22:232\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cardfail.2015.10.016; PMID:\u00a026547012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2015.10.016"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pettit SJ, Jhund PS, Hawkins NM, et al. How small is too small? A systematic review of center volume and outcome after cardiac transplantation. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2018;5:783\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.966630; PMID:\u00a023132331.","DOI":"10.1161\/circoutcomes.112.966630"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alkhouli M, Alqahtani F, Cook CC. Association between surgical volume and clinical outcomes following coronary artery bypass grafting in contemporary practice. J Card Surg 2019;34:1049\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocs.14205; PMID:\u00a031389634.","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.14205"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Becher PM, Go\u00dfling A, Schrage B, et al. Procedural volume and outcomes in patients undergoing VA-ECMO support. Crit Care 2020;24:291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-020-03016-z; PMID:\u00a032503646.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03016-z"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Banning AP, Baumbach A, Blackman D, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention in the UK: recommendations for good practice 2015. Heart 2015;101:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-307821; PMID:\u00a023041756.","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-307821"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, et al. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J 2010;31:2501\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq277; PMID:\u00a020802248."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shaefi S, O\u2019Gara B, Kociol RD, et al. Effect of cardiogenic shock hospital volume on mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock. J Am Heart Assoc 2015;4:e001462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.114.001462; PMID:\u00a025559014.","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.114.001462"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vallabhajosyula S, Dunlay SM, Barsness GW, et al. Hospital-level disparities in the outcomes of acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. Am J Cardiol 2019;124:491\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2019.05.038; PMID:\u00a031221462.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2019.05.038"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang JI, Lu DY, Feldman DN, et al. Outcomes of hospitalizations for cardiogenic shock at left ventricular assist device versus non-left ventricular assist device centers. J Am Heart Assoc 2020;9:e017326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.120.017326; PMID:\u00a033222608.","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.120.017326"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Puymirat E, Fagon JY, Aegerter P, et al. Cardiogenic shock in intensive care units: evolution of prevalence, patient profile, management and outcomes, 1997\u20132012. Eur J Heart Fail 2017;19:192\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.646; PMID:\u00a027709722.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.646"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sandhu A, McCoy LA, Negi SI, et al. Use of mechanical circulatory support in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2015;132:1243\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.114.014451; PMID:\u00a026286905.","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.114.014451"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Osman M, Balla S, Patibandla S, et al. Regional variation in the adoption of invasive hemodynamic monitoring for cardiogenic shock in the United States. Am J Cardiol 2021;148:174\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.02.028; PMID:\u00a033667450.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.02.028"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vallabhajosyula S, Shankar A, Patlolla SH, et al. Pulmonary artery catheter use in acute myocardial infarction-cardiogenic shock. ESC Heart Fail 2020;7:1234\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.12652; PMID:\u00a032239806.","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12652"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Fihn SD, Blankenship JC, Alexander KP, et al. 2014 ACC\/AHA\/AATS\/PCNA\/SCAI\/STS focused update of the guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015;149:e5\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.07.017; PMID:\u00a025827388."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gibbs D, Eusebio C, Sanders J, et al. Clinician perceptions of the impact of a shock team approach in the management of cardiogenic shock: a qualitative study. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2021;22:78\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carrev.2020.06.011; PMID:\u00a032591309.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2020.06.011"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"The app that connects heart specialists to provide life-saving treatment. Barts Health NHS Trust. February 6, 2020. https:\/\/www.bartshealth.nhs.uk\/news\/the-app-that-connects-heart-specialists-to-provide-lifesaving-treatment-7261 (accessed March 7, 2021)."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Combes A, Price S, Slutsky AS, Brodie D. Temporary circulatory support for cardiogenic shock. Lancet. 2020;396:199\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31047-3; PMID:\u00a032682486.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)31047-3"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2016;37:2129\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128; PMID:\u00a027206819.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Diepen S van, Katz JN, Albert NM, et al. Contemporary management of cardiogenic shock: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017;136:e232\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000525; PMID:\u00a028923988.","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000000525"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Menon V, White H, LeJemtel T, et al. The clinical profile of patients with suspected cardiogenic shock due to predominant left ventricular failure: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:1071\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0735-1097(00)00874-3; PMID:\u00a010985707.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0735-1097(00)00874-3"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kohsaka S, Menon V, Lowe AM, et al. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome after acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1643\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.165.14.1643; PMID:\u00a016043684.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.14.1643"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thiele H, Ohman EM, de Waha-Thiele S, et al. Management of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction: an update 2019. Eur Heart J 2019;40:2671\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz363; PMID:\u00a031274157.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz363"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thayer K, Zweck E, Hernandez-Montfort J, et al. Pulmonary artery catheter usage and mortality in cardiogenic shock. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020;39(Suppl):S54\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healun.2020.01.1240; PMID:\u00a032465974.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2020.01.1240"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrams D, Garan AR, Abdelbary A, et al. Position paper for the organization of ECMO programs for cardiac failure in adults. Intensive Care Med 2018;44:717\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-018-5064-5; PMID:\u00a029450594.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5064-5"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yannopoulos D, Bartos J, Raveendran G, et al. Advanced reperfusion strategies for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and refractory ventricular fibrillation (ARREST): a phase 2, single centre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2020;396:1807\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32338-2; PMID:\u00a033197396.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)32338-2"},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"B\u011blohl\u00e1vek J. Hyperinvasive approach in refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Prague OHCA study. A randomized clinical trial. Presented at American College of Cardiology\u2019s 70th Annual Scientific Session, May 17, 2021. https:\/\/www.crtonline.org\/presentation-detail\/hyperinvasive-approach-in-refractory-out-of-hospit (accessed August 24, 2021)."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ellrodt AG, Fonarow GC, Schwamm LH, et al. Synthesizing lessons learned from Get With The Guidelines. Circulation 2013;128:2447\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.0000435779.48007.5c; PMID:\u00a024166574.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000435779.48007.5c"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lewis WR, Ellrodt AG, Peterson E, et al. Trends in the use of evidence-based treatments for coronary artery disease among women and the elderly. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2009;2:633\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.108.824763; PMID:\u00a020031902.","DOI":"10.1161\/circoutcomes.108.824763"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Starks MA, Dai D, Nichol G, et al. The association of duration of participation in Get With The Guidelines-resuscitation with quality of care for in-hospital cardiac arrest. Am Heart J 2018;204:156\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ahj.2018.04.018; PMID:\u00a030121017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2018.04.018"},{"key":"ref57","unstructured":"Shaffer A, Sheikh O, Prasad A. Cardiogenic shock: a systemic review of clinical trials registered with ClinicalTrials.gov. J Invasive Cardiol 2020;32:e86\u201396. PMID:\u00a032240097."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozdemir BA, Karthikesalingam A, Sinha S, et al. Research activity and the association with mortality. PLoS One 2015;10:e0118253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0118253; PMID:\u00a025719608.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118253"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, et al. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 1999;341:625\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm199908263410901; PMID:\u00a010460813.","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199908263410901"}],"container-title":["US Cardiology Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.uscjournal.com\/articleindex\/usc.2021.10","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T16:43:16Z","timestamp":1634748196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.uscjournal.com\/articleindex\/usc.2021.10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"references-count":60,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15420\/usc.2021.10","relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-390X","1758-3896"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-390X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1758-3896","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"article-number":"e18"}}