{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T06:37:45Z","timestamp":1767163065033,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"The Korean Society of Emergency Medicine","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Selcuk University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ceemjournal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Emerg Med"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The study investigates experimental brain trauma in rabbits, assessing levels of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and compares these biomarkers among trauma groups.Methods: Thirty rabbits were randomized to a control group (n=6) or to mild-, moderate-, and severe-trauma groups (n=8 each) created by dropping 200, 350, or 500 g weights, respectively, onto their skulls using a modified Marmarou impact acceleration model. CSF and venous blood samples were collected at 0, 12, and 24 hours after injury; UCH-1 L, GFAP, and IL-6 concentrations in CSF and serum were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and group differences were analyzed with a Friedman test followed by Dunn-Bonferroni correction.Results: Neither CSF nor serum concentration of GFAP, IL-6, or UCH-L1 differed from those of controls after mild trauma. Severe head trauma produced markedly higher GFAP and IL-6 concentrations in CSF compared with the control group (P&lt;0.05), with both biomarkers peaking at 12 hours after injury. Serum UCH-L1 increased significantly in both moderate-trauma (peak at 12 hours) and severe-trauma groups (peak at 24 hours) compared with the control group (P&lt;0.05), whereas no intergroup difference in CSF UCH-L1 levels was evident.Conclusion: Serum UCH-L1 differentiated moderate and severe trauma from controls in a rabbit model, whereas CSF GFAP and IL-6 levels reflected severe injury. Validation in larger preclinical and clinical studies is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15441\/ceem.24.383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T06:34:20Z","timestamp":1767162860000},"page":"380-390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15441\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and interleukin-6 levels in an experimental head trauma model in 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