{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T05:06:51Z","timestamp":1747199211499,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Universidad Nacional de Colombia","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev. salud p\u00fablica"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many health workers in the Americas, especially women, have been victims of discrimination and different types of grievances during the COVID-19 pandemic. These brief reflections aim to make the problem visible, offer theoretical explanations and some recommendations. The pandemic constitutes a massive crisis that triggers fears and reassuring of diffuse anxieties, which often includes someone to blame. Healthcare workers have become circumstantial scapegoating targets. The inflicted attacks can be understood as reactive hate crimes since they are originated from an allegedly healthy person to an allegedly contaminated person. People seems to incur in a sanitary profiling process based on the health worker\u00b4s uniform. However, these expressions of hatred are fueled by pre-pandemic circumstances such as the precariousness of health systems and deficient medical equipment, misogyny, or the pervasiveness of authoritarian tendencies. Understanding this situation as a human rights issue, it is suggested to consider measures in order to discourage these attacks, such as: guaranteeing the appropriate conditions of hospitals and the personal protective equipment of workers; development of recognition campaigns of the healthcare staff and the work they carry out (in particular female nurses); and implementing transitory regulations that sanction any hate crime type attack to health workers or the scientific community. Furthermore, educational advocacy efforts should reiterate basic hygiene measures for the people, but also focus on refuting false and pseudoscientific beliefs that contribute to the fear-induced construction of the health worker as a threat of contagion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15446\/rsap.v22n2.86766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T18:21:53Z","timestamp":1597083713000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Health workers as Hate Crimes Targets  during COVID-19 outbreak in the Americas"],"prefix":"10.15446","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4936-867X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Iv\u00e1n","family":"Orellana-Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"6146","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-D\u00edas M. Coronavirus: el preocupante aumento de agresiones en M\u00e9xico contra personal m\u00e9dico que combate el covid-19 [Internet]. Londres: BBC; 2020 April 17 [Cited 2020 April 12]. Available from: https:\/\/bbc.in\/2LPFv7o."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Paz ME. Discriminaci\u00f3n, el enemigo del personal m\u00e9dico que atiende a pacientes con covid-19 en El Salvador. La Prensa Gr\u00e1fica [Internet]. 2020 Apr 15 [Cited 2020 April 16]: El Salvador. Available from: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3gaR33n."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Ola de ataques contra personal de salud en Am\u00e9rica Latina empeora crisis por COVID-19. Peri\u00f3dico digital 102nueve [Internet]. 2020 Apr 16 [Cited 2020 May 22]. Available from: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3c2j4H7."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"NowThis News. Anti-Lockdown Protesters Harass COVID-19 Nursesn [Video on the Internet]. YouTube; 2020 Apr 13 [Cited 2020 April 12]. Available from: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bV5ogT."},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Los vergonzosos casos de m\u00e9dicos y enfermeras discriminados en el pa\u00eds. El Tiempo [Internet].2020 Apr 12 [Cited 2020 April 12]. Available from: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3edHwGC."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Taylor S. The psychology of pandemics: preparing for the next global outbreak of infectious disease [Internet]. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2019 [Cited 2020 April 12]. Available from: https:\/\/bit.ly\/2THB2rY."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Greenberg J, Kosloff S. Terror management theory: Implications for understanding prejudice, stereotyping, intergroup conflict, and political attitudes. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2008 Sep [Cited 2020 April 12]; 2(5):1881\u20131894. Available from: https:\/\/bit.ly\/2ZAA3xg. DOI:10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2008.00144.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2008.00144.x"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Southern Poverty Law Center. The Trump Effect: The impact of the 2016 presidential election on our nation's schools [Internet]. [Estados Unidos]: Southern Poverty Law Center; 2016 Nov 18 [Cited 2020 April 12]. Available from: https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Zt87vn."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jackson JC, van-Egmond M, Choi VK, Ember CR, Halberstadt J, Balanovic J, et al. Ecological and cultural factors underlying the global distribution of prejudice. PLoS ONE. 2019 Sep 6 [Cited 2020 April 12]; 14(9): e0221953. Available from: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bYAJz8. DOI:10.1371\/journal.pone.0221953.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221953"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Allport GW. La naturaleza del prejuicio. 4th ed. Buenos Aires: EUDEBA; 1971."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Flynn M, Monaghan LF, Power MJ. Scapegoating during a time of crisis: A critique of Post-Celtic Tiger Ireland. Sociology. 2014 Oct [Cited 2020 April 12]; 48(5):921-937. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0038038514539059. DOI: 10.1177\/0038038514539059.","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038514539059"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Foster DM, Keller JW. Rallies and the \u201cFirst Image\u201d: Leadership psychology, scapegoating proclivity, and the diversionary use of force. Conflict Management and Peace Science. 2010 [Cited 2020 April 12]; 27(5): 417-441. Available from: https:\/\/bit.ly\/36seXTh. DOI:10.1177\/0738894210379327.","DOI":"10.1177\/0738894210379327"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Girard R. El Chivo expiatorio. Barcelona: Editorial Anagrama; 1986."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Sullaway M. Hate crime, violent extremism, domestic terrorist\u2014distinctions without difference? In: Dumbar E, Blanco A, Cr\u00e9vecoeur-MacPhail DA, Editors. The psychology of hate crimes as domestic terrorism: U.S and global issues (Vol. I). Santa Barbara (CA): Praeger Publishers; 2017. p. 89-121."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Devakumar D, Shannon G, Bhopal SS, Abubakar I. Racism and discrimination in COVID-19 responses. Lancet. 2020 Apr 1 [Cited 2020 April 12]; 395(10231):1194. Available from: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3cRwC9o. DOI:10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30792-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30792-3"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Gai H. Hate groups and racist pundits spew COVID-19 misinformation on social media despite companies' pledges to combat it [Internet]. [Estados Unidos]: Southern Poverty Law Center; 2020 Apr 17 [Cited 2020 April 12]. Available from: https:\/\/bit.ly\/2LOVNxu."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Stanley-Becker I, Romm T. Pro-gun activists using Facebook groups to push anti-quarantine protests. The Washington Post [Internet]. 2020 Apr 19 [Cited 2020 April 12]: Tech Policy. Available from: https:\/\/wapo.st\/2zeMeW9."},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Orellana CI. Proclivity to hate: violence, group targeting, and authoritarianism in El Salvador. In: Dumbar E, Blanco A, Cr\u00e9vecoeur-MacPhail DA, Editors. The psychology of hate crimes as domestic terrorism: U.S and global issues (Vol. I). Santa Barbara (CA): Praeger Publishers; 2017. p. 239-281."},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Haneef C, Kalyanpur A. Global Rapid Gender Analysis for COVID-19. [Internet]. [place unknown]: CARE + IRC; 2020 Mar 31 [Cited 2020 April 12]. Available from: https:\/\/bit.ly\/2XkO3sl."},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Dada C. \u00bfQui\u00e9n teme al coronavirus? [Internet]. El Salvador: El Faro; 2020 April 14 [Cited 2020 April 15]. Available from: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3g9sMdX."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Jaramillo V, Gonz\u00e1lez-Jaramillo N, G\u00f3mez-Restrepo C, Palacio-Acosta CA, G\u00f3mez-L\u00f3pez A, Franco OH. Proyecciones de impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en la poblaci\u00f3n colombiana, seg\u00fan medidas de mitigaci\u00f3n. Datos preliminares de modelos epidemiol\u00f3gicos para el periodo del 18 de marzo al 18 de abril de 2020. Rev. Salud P\u00fablica (Bogota). 2020 [Cited 2020 April 12]; 22(1):1-6. Available from: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3eaOQTv. DOI:10.15446\/rsap.v22.85789.","DOI":"10.15446\/rsap.v22.85789"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. Human rights dimensions of COVID-19 response [Internet]. [place unknown]: Human Rights Watch; 2020 Mar 19 [Cited 2020 Apr 12]. Available from: https:\/\/bit.ly\/2TwTh35."}],"container-title":["Revista de Salud P\u00fablica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/revistas.unal.edu.co\/index.php\/revsaludpublica\/article\/viewFile\/86766\/75277","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/revistas.unal.edu.co\/index.php\/revsaludpublica\/article\/viewFile\/86766\/75277","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T18:22:09Z","timestamp":1710267729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/revistas.unal.edu.co\/index.php\/revsaludpublica\/article\/view\/86766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15446\/rsap.v22n2.86766","relation":{},"ISSN":["2539-3596","0124-0064"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2539-3596"},{"type":"print","value":"0124-0064"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]}}}