{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T22:13:28Z","timestamp":1784585608669,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AVet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Q fever is a disease of high zoonotic potential, but interest in its causative agent is rather low although it causes some public health problems in Hungary. The prevalence of Q fever is highly variable by country. The main reservoirs of the disease are the same domestic ruminant species everywhere, but the epidemiological profile depends on the features of the specific reservoir. The aim of this large-scale study was to demonstrate the importance of Q fever in different species as a possible source for human infection in most regions of Hungary. A total of 851 serum samples from 44 dairy farms, 16 sheep flocks, 4 goat farms and 3 zoos located in different parts of Hungary were tested. The presence of antibodies to <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> was surveyed in dairy cattle (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 547), goats (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 71), sheep (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 200) and zoo animals (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 33). The animal species tested in Hungary showed different seroprevalence values of <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> infection. Seropositivity by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was found in 258 out of 547 (47.2%) cows and in 69 out of 271 (25.5%) small ruminants, among them in 47 out of 200 (23.5%) sheep and in 22 out of 71 (31.0%) goats. Antibodies to <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> were not detected in zoo animals. Seropositivity was demonstrated in 44 out of 44 (100%) dairy cattle farms, with at least one serum sample found to be positive on each farm. The seropositivity rate of small ruminant farms was 55.0% (11 positive out of 20 tested), with 9 out of 16 (56.3%) sheep flocks and 2 out of 4 (50.0%) goat herds showing seropositivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2021.00016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T08:22:24Z","timestamp":1623226944000},"page":"105-109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Serological survey of Coxiella burnetii infections in dairy cattle, sheep, goats and zoo animals in Hungary \u2013 Short communication"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2282-955X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Attila","family":"Dobos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1CEVA-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co. Ltd., Sz\u00e1ll\u00e1s u. 5, Budapest H-1107, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"Fodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1CEVA-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co. Ltd., Sz\u00e1ll\u00e1s u. 5, Budapest H-1107, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerda","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"Gyuranecz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00690-08","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii shedding routes and antibody response after outbreaks of Q fever-induced abortion in dairy goat herds","volume":"75","author":"Rousset","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"11","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii infection rate among intensive dairy farm veterinarians [in Hungarian, with English abstract]","volume":"143","author":"Dobos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magy. Allatorvosok"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.09.002","article-title":"Demography of Q fever seroprevalence in sheep and goats in The Netherlands in 2008","volume":"109","author":"Van den Brom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref211","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0192188","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192188","article-title":"Q fever in Egypt: Epidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii specific antibodies in cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats and camels","volume":"13","author":"Klemmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2003.08.004","article-title":"Brucellosis and Q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in Chad","volume":"61","author":"Schelling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0953","article-title":"Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Hungary: screening of dairy cows, sheep, commercial milk samples, and ticks","volume":"12","author":"Gyuranecz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040707","article-title":"Wildlife as source of zoonotic infections","volume":"10","author":"Kruse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref521","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009920","article-title":"Hyperendemic focus of Q fever related to sheep and wind","volume":"150","author":"Tissot-Dupont","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00690-08","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii shedding routes and antibody response after outbreaks of Q fever-induced abortion in dairy goat herds","volume":"75","author":"Rousset","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.163.7.221","article-title":"Confirmation by PCR of Coxiella burnetii infection in animals at a zoo in Lisbon, Portugal","volume":"163","author":"Clemente","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.10.007","article-title":"Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in domestic ruminants: a critical review","volume":"149","author":"Guatteo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-16","article-title":"From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: a paradigm change","volume":"30","author":"Eldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0953","article-title":"Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Hungary: screening of dairy cows, sheep, commercial milk samples, and ticks","volume":"12","author":"Gyuranecz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1556\/AVet.54.2006.4.8","article-title":"Epidemiological and pathological study on the causes of abortion in sheep and goats in Hungary (1998\u20132005)","volume":"54","author":"Szeredi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518","article-title":"Q fever","volume":"12","author":"Maurin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.30.20863","article-title":"Q fever epidemic in Hungary, April to July 2013","volume":"19","author":"Gyuranecz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.09.002","article-title":"Demography of Q fever seroprevalence in sheep and goats in The Netherlands in 2008","volume":"109","author":"Van den Brom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7253","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02180-15","article-title":"Circulation of Coxiella burnetii in a naturally infected flock of dairy sheep: shedding dynamics, environmental contamination, and genotype diversity","volume":"81","author":"Jouli\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-7-81","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors of Q fever in goats on commercial dairy goat farms in the Netherlands, 2009\u20132010","volume":"7","author":"Schimmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.147.3.1063-1076.1981","article-title":"Developmental cycle of Coxiella burnetii: structure and morphogenesis of vegetative and sporogenic differentiations","volume":"147","author":"McCaul","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2007038","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii shedding by dairy cows","volume":"38","author":"Guatteo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"6","volume":"21","year":"2014","journal-title":"National Center for Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref241","first-page":"25","article-title":"Incidence of Q fever in a cattle herd","volume":"12","author":"Romv\u00e1ry","year":"1957","journal-title":"Magy. Allatorvosok"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105443","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii in camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Algeria: Seroprevalence, molecular characterization, and ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) vectors","volume":"206","author":"Bellabidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref191","volume-title":"Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.05.014","article-title":"Q fever seroprevalence and risk factors in sheep and goats in northwest Italy","volume":"130","author":"Rizzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.07.007","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii seropositivity and associated risk factors in sheep in Ontario, Canada","volume":"122","author":"Meadows","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0192188","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192188","article-title":"Q fever in Egypt: Epidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii specific antibodies in cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats and camels","volume":"13","author":"Klemmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.3815-3821.2000","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii exhibits morphological change and delays phagolysosomal fusion after internalization by J774A.1 cells","volume":"68","author":"Howe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.147.3.1063-1076.1981","article-title":"Developmental cycle of Coxiella burnetii: structure and morphogenesis of vegetative and sporogenic differentiations","volume":"147","author":"McCaul","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.07.007","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii seropositivity and associated risk factors in sheep in Ontario, Canada","volume":"122","author":"Meadows","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48949","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048949","article-title":"Q fever in pregnant goats: pathogenesis and excretion of Coxiella burnetii","volume":"7","author":"Roest","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2020.00035","article-title":"Serological screening for Coxiella burnetii in the context of early pregnancy loss in dairy cows","volume":"68","author":"Dobos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-7-81","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors of Q fever in goats on commercial dairy goat farms in the Netherlands, 2009\u20132010","volume":"7","author":"Schimmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2003.08.004","article-title":"Brucellosis and Q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in Chad","volume":"61","author":"Schelling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.3815-3821.2000","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii exhibits morphological change and delays phagolysosomal fusion after internalization by J774A.1 cells","volume":"68","author":"Howe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105443","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii in camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Algeria: Seroprevalence, molecular characterization, and ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) vectors","volume":"206","author":"Bellabidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48949","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048949","article-title":"Q fever in pregnant goats: pathogenesis and excretion of Coxiella burnetii","volume":"7","author":"Roest","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248418","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/248418","article-title":"Q fever: Current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis","volume":"2011","author":"Porter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.163.7.221","article-title":"Confirmation by PCR of Coxiella burnetii infection in animals at a zoo in Lisbon, Portugal","volume":"163","author":"Clemente","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref501","volume-title":"Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.10.007","article-title":"Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in domestic ruminants: a critical review","volume":"149","author":"Guatteo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009920","article-title":"Hyperendemic focus of Q fever related to sheep and wind","volume":"150","author":"Tissot-Dupont","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.05.014","article-title":"Q fever seroprevalence and risk factors in sheep and goats in northwest Italy","volume":"130","author":"Rizzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2007038","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii shedding by dairy cows","volume":"38","author":"Guatteo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040707","article-title":"Wildlife as source of zoonotic infections","volume":"10","author":"Kruse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7253","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02180-15","article-title":"Circulation of Coxiella burnetii in a naturally infected flock of dairy sheep: shedding dynamics, environmental contamination, and genotype diversity","volume":"81","author":"Jouli\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2020.00035","article-title":"Serological screening for Coxiella burnetii in the context of early pregnancy loss in dairy cows","volume":"68","author":"Dobos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-16","article-title":"From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: a paradigm change","volume":"30","author":"Eldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12362","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii infections in small ruminants and humans in Switzerland","volume":"64","author":"Magouras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1556\/AVet.54.2006.4.8","article-title":"Epidemiological and pathological study on the causes of abortion in sheep and goats in Hungary (1998\u20132005)","volume":"54","author":"Szeredi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.30.20863","article-title":"Q fever epidemic in Hungary, April to July 2013","volume":"19","author":"Gyuranecz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref341","first-page":"11","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii infection rate among intensive dairy farm veterinarians [in Hungarian, with English abstract]","volume":"143","author":"Dobos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magy. Allatorvosok"},{"key":"ref371","first-page":"6","volume":"21","year":"2014","journal-title":"National Center for Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12362","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii infections in small ruminants and humans in Switzerland","volume":"64","author":"Magouras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref551","first-page":"25","article-title":"Incidence of Q fever in a cattle herd","volume":"12","author":"Romv\u00e1ry","year":"1957","journal-title":"Magy. Allatorvosok"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518","article-title":"Q fever","volume":"12","author":"Maurin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248418","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/248418","article-title":"Q fever: Current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis","volume":"2011","author":"Porter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"R J."}],"container-title":["Acta Veterinaria Hungarica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/004\/69\/2\/article-p105.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/004\/69\/2\/article-p105.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T23:50:32Z","timestamp":1640044232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/004\/69\/2\/article-p105.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/004.2021.00016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0236-6290","1588-2705"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0236-6290","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2705","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]}}}