{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T09:44:35Z","timestamp":1788601475348,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AVet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of Q fever in sheep in the northern part of Kaduna State, Nigeria. This study aimed to determine <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic> infection and its risk factors in sheep in Kaduna State. A total of 400 blood samples consisting of 259 samples from females and 141 from males were aseptically collected from the jugular vein of sheep from flocks in Kaduna State. The sera obtained were screened for Q fever using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). The obtained data were analysed to determine whether there is a relationship between sex, age, and the animals tested. The analysis revealed that 8.0% of the sera was seropositive by iELISA. There was no significant difference in Q fever seropositivity in the study area according to the sex of sheep (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) in Q fever seropositivity according to the age of sheep. This study indicated a high seroprevalence of Q fever mainly among female animals and older sheep. Further studies are required to determine the epizootiology of Q fever in the study area more precisely.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2021.00034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T14:53:57Z","timestamp":1631026437000},"page":"234-238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in sheep flocks in Kaduna State, Northwestern Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4066-3127","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuaibu Gidado","family":"Adamu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069 Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junaidu","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarlath Udo","family":"Umoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mashood Abiola","family":"Raji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9790\/2380-07210105","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in cattle and its risk factors in Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Tukur","year":"2014","journal-title":"IOSR J. Agric. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.8073","article-title":"Q fever antibodies in food animals of Nigeria: a serological survey of cattle, sheep and goats","volume":"30","author":"Addo","year":"1977","journal-title":"Rev. de Elev. Med. Vet des Pays Tropicaux"},{"key":"ref391","first-page":"20407","article-title":"Q fever in humans and farm animals in four European countries, 1982 to 2010","volume":"18","author":"Georgiev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248418","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/248418","article-title":"Q Fever: current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis","volume":"2011","author":"Porter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2007.01043.x","article-title":"Assessing the within-flock prevalence of Coxiella burnetii milk-shedder cows using a real-time PCR applied to bulk tank milk","volume":"54","author":"Guatteo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.02.007","article-title":"Australia\u2019s national Q fever vaccination program","volume":"27","author":"Gidding","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref591","first-page":"228","volume-title":"Veterinary epidemiology","author":"Thrusfield","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02360-0","article-title":"Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for chlamydiosis, coxiellosis and brucellosis in sheep and goats in Borana pastoral area, southern Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-55-13","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii associated reproductive disorders in domestic animals \u2013 a critical review","volume":"55","author":"Agerholm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref351","first-page":"163","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Q fever in sheep and goat flocks with a history of abortion in Iran between 2011 and 2012","volume":"49","author":"Asadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.54058\/saheljvs.v17i1.75","article-title":"Seroprevalence of coxiellosis (Q fever) in flocks of goat in Birnin Gwari and Maigana Agro-Ecological Zone of Kaduna State, Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"Adamu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sahel J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3109\/9781420019971.020","article-title":"Epidemiology of Q fever","volume-title":"Rickettsial diseases","author":"Marrie","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00758-10","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii infection of a Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) found in Washington State","volume":"48","author":"Kersh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref211","first-page":"20528","article-title":"Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in women exposed to livestock animals, Denmark, 1996\u20132002","volume":"18","author":"Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.160","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Q fever in cattle, sheep and goats in the Volta region of Ghana","volume":"5","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"20407","article-title":"Q fever in humans and farm animals in four European countries, 1982 to 2010","volume":"18","author":"Georgiev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance"},{"key":"ref321","first-page":"70","article-title":"Epidemiology of Q fever in flocks of sheep in Yobe State, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Adamu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9790\/2380-07210105","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in cattle and its risk factors in Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Tukur","year":"2014","journal-title":"IOSR J. Agric. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9098416","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9098416","article-title":"Serological and molecular evidence of Q fever in domestic ruminants in Bangladesh","volume":"2016","author":"Rahman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06537.x","article-title":"Phylogenic homogeneity of Coxiella burnetii strains as determined by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing","volume":"113","author":"Stein","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.02.007","article-title":"Australia\u2019s national Q fever vaccination program","volume":"27","author":"Gidding","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.181395","article-title":"Investigation of zoonotic infections in risk groups in Ordu University Hospital, Turkey","volume":"20","author":"Cetinkol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref221","first-page":"14","article-title":"Detection of Coxiella burnetii antibodies among humans and slaughtered ruminants in Jalingo abattoir, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Nyifi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Savannah Vet. J."},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.54058\/saheljvs.v17i1.75","article-title":"Seroprevalence of coxiellosis (Q fever) in flocks of goat in Birnin Gwari and Maigana Agro-Ecological Zone of Kaduna State, Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"Adamu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sahel J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.181395","article-title":"Investigation of zoonotic infections in risk groups in Ordu University Hospital, Turkey","volume":"20","author":"Cetinkol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"70","article-title":"Epidemiology of Q fever in flocks of sheep in Yobe State, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Adamu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.8073","article-title":"Q fever antibodies in food animals of Nigeria: a serological survey of cattle, sheep and goats","volume":"30","author":"Addo","year":"1977","journal-title":"Rev. de Elev. Med. Vet des Pays Tropicaux"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12567","article-title":"The seroepidemiology of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) across livestock species and herding contexts in Laikipia County, Kenya","volume":"66","author":"Larson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-02153-0","article-title":"Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in goats and sheep in northern Jordan","volume":"52","author":"Lafi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9098416","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9098416","article-title":"Serological and molecular evidence of Q fever in domestic ruminants in Bangladesh","volume":"2016","author":"Rahman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref451","first-page":"16","article-title":"Kaduna state achievements","volume-title":"Data on estimated annual animal population and fish production investment opportunities in Kaduna State","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref521","first-page":"20528","article-title":"Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in women exposed to livestock animals, Denmark, 1996\u20132002","volume":"18","author":"Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-6-3","article-title":"Seroepidemiological study of Q fever in domestic ruminants in semi-extensive grazing systems","volume":"6","author":"Ruiz-Fons","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12567","article-title":"The seroepidemiology of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) across livestock species and herding contexts in Laikipia County, Kenya","volume":"66","author":"Larson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02360-0","article-title":"Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for chlamydiosis, coxiellosis and brucellosis in sheep and goats in Borana pastoral area, southern Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0126","article-title":"Growth of Coxiella burnetii in the Ixodes scapularis\u2010derived IDE8 tick cell line","volume":"11","author":"Herrin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-02153-0","article-title":"Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in goats and sheep in northern Jordan","volume":"52","author":"Lafi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.05.041","article-title":"Dairy cows with metritis: Coxiella burnetii test results in uterine, blood and bulk milk samples","volume":"147","author":"Muskens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref281","first-page":"228","volume-title":"Veterinary epidemiology","author":"Thrusfield","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-55-13","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii associated reproductive disorders in domestic animals \u2013 a critical review","volume":"55","author":"Agerholm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3109\/9781420019971.020","article-title":"Epidemiology of Q fever","volume-title":"Rickettsial diseases","author":"Marrie","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248418","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/248418","article-title":"Q Fever: current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis","volume":"2011","author":"Porter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.25100","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii among ewes and associated risk factors in Constantine (Northeastern Algeria)","volume":"71","author":"Hireche","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hellenic Vet. Med. Soc."},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-6-3","article-title":"Seroepidemiological study of Q fever in domestic ruminants in semi-extensive grazing systems","volume":"6","author":"Ruiz-Fons","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.160","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Q fever in cattle, sheep and goats in the Volta region of Ghana","volume":"5","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.07.011","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii infections in sheep or goats: an opinionated review","volume":"181","author":"Van den Brom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06537.x","article-title":"Phylogenic homogeneity of Coxiella burnetii strains as determined by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing","volume":"113","author":"Stein","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2007.01043.x","article-title":"Assessing the within-flock prevalence of Coxiella burnetii milk-shedder cows using a real-time PCR applied to bulk tank milk","volume":"54","author":"Guatteo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref381","first-page":"114","article-title":"Panel on animal health and welfare (AHAW); scientific opinion on Q fever","volume":"8","year":"2010","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.05.041","article-title":"Dairy cows with metritis: Coxiella burnetii test results in uterine, blood and bulk milk samples","volume":"147","author":"Muskens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"163","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Q fever in sheep and goat flocks with a history of abortion in Iran between 2011 and 2012","volume":"49","author":"Asadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00758-10","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii infection of a Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) found in Washington State","volume":"48","author":"Kersh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref531","first-page":"14","article-title":"Detection of Coxiella burnetii antibodies among humans and slaughtered ruminants in Jalingo abattoir, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Nyifi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Savannah Vet. J."},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"16","article-title":"Kaduna state achievements","volume-title":"Data on estimated annual animal population and fish production investment opportunities in Kaduna State","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.07.011","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii infections in sheep or goats: an opinionated review","volume":"181","author":"Van den Brom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.12681\/jhvms.25100","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii among ewes and associated risk factors in Constantine (Northeastern Algeria)","volume":"71","author":"Hireche","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hellenic Vet. Med. Soc."},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"114","article-title":"Panel on animal health and welfare (AHAW); scientific opinion on Q fever","volume":"8","year":"2010","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0126","article-title":"Growth of Coxiella burnetii in the Ixodes scapularis\u2010derived IDE8 tick cell line","volume":"11","author":"Herrin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."}],"container-title":["Acta Veterinaria Hungarica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/004\/69\/3\/article-p234.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/004\/69\/3\/article-p234.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T01:25:47Z","timestamp":1640049947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/004\/69\/3\/article-p234.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/004.2021.00034","relation":{},"ISSN":["0236-6290","1588-2705"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0236-6290","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2705","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]}}}