{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T04:18:31Z","timestamp":1745381911004,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AVet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Light is one of the factors affecting physiological functions in living things. In the present study, reproductive functions of male rats exposed to different wavelengths of light were evaluated. For this purpose, a total of 56 male Sprague Dawley rats were used in 7 groups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 8 per group). Rats were exposed to light spectrum with different wavelengths for 63 days. It was observed that malondialdehyde levels were lower in the orange (2.77 \u00b1 0.16\u2009nmol*mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), red (4.27 \u00b1 0.17\u2009nmol*mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), yellow (5.14\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.15\u2009nmol*mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and green (5.56 \u00b1 0.40\u2009nmol*mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) coloured light group compared to the other groups [purple (7.07\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.96\u2009nmol*mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), blue (7.52 \u00b1 0.89\u2009nmol*mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), white (8.59 \u00b1 1.20\u2009nmol*mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>)] (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). The lowest glutathione levels were observed in purple (86.82 \u00b1 1.63\u2009nmol mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), blue (101.25\u00a0\u00b1 3.61\u2009nmol*mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), yellow (105.44 \u00b1 1.70\u2009nmol*mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and green (108.11 \u00b1 0.51\u2009nmol*mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) coloured groups, respectively. The lowest sperm motility percentage was found in blue (29.16 \u00b1 11.40), purple (56.25 \u00b1 3.36), green (62.50 \u00b1 4.91) and white (69.58 \u00b1 5.51) coloured light groups compared to\u00a0the\u00a0other groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Epididymal sperm density decreased significantly in rats exposed to purple, orange\u00a0and blue light (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). The abnormal sperm ratio was higher in the blue and white light group\u00a0compared to the other groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Histological examinations showed that tubulus seminiferus contortus diameter and germinal cell thickness decreased significantly in the purple light treatment (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). As a summary, the application of purple and blue light has negative effects on the reproductive function in rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2025.01063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T16:00:39Z","timestamp":1739894439000},"page":"1-7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effects of the light spectrum on the reproductive system and epididymal semen quality of pubertal male rats"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0882-937X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tutku Can","family":"Acisu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat\u00a0University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serkan Ali","family":"Akarsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk\u00a0University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Firat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat\u00a0University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nurhan","family":"Tira\u015f\u00e7i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Experimental Animal Production Application and Research Center, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasin","family":"Baykalir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balikesir University, 10463, Balikesir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Song\u00fcl","family":"\u00c7eriba\u015fi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00dclk\u00fc G\u00fclcihan","family":"\u015eim\u015fek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"S\u00f6nmez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat\u00a0University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"J. Physiol.","first-page":"211","article-title":"Responses of neurones of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus to retinal illumination under photopic and scotopic conditions","volume":"523","author":"Aggelopoulos, N. C.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Aggelopoulos, N. C. and Meissl, H. (2000): Responses of neurones of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus to retinal illumination under photopic and scotopic conditions. J. Physiol. 523, 211\u2013222."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Life Sci.","first-page":"1479","article-title":"Effects of different light wavelengths at equal irradiance on testis weight, protein content, and K-paranitrophenylphosphatase activity in the skin hamster","volume":"40","author":"Bertoni, J. M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bertoni, J. M., Sprenkle, P. M. and Brainard, G. C. (1987): Effects of different light wavelengths at equal irradiance on testis weight, protein content, and K-paranitrophenylphosphatase activity in the skin hamster. Life Sci. 40, 1479\u20131486."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Med. Coll. J.","first-page":"62","article-title":"Effect of continuous light on spermatogenesis and testicular steroidogenesis in rats: possible involvement of alpha 2u-globulin. Nepal","volume":"15","author":"Biswas, N.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Biswas, N., Biswas, R., Biswas, N. and Mandal, L. H. (2013): Effect of continuous light on spermatogenesis and testicular steroidogenesis in rats: possible involvement of alpha 2u-globulin. Nepal. Med. Coll. J. 15, 62\u201364."},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Med. Sci. Res.","first-page":"297","article-title":"Protection of testicular activity by continuous light in rats treated withlithium","volume":"24","author":"Biswas, N.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Biswas, N. and Sarkar, M. (1996): Protection of testicular activity by continuous light in rats treated withlithium. Med. Sci. Res. 24, 297\u2013298."},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"648","article-title":"Effect of light irradiance and wavelength on the Syrian hamster reproductive system","volume":"119","author":"Brainard, G. C.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Brainard, G. C., Vaughan, M. K. and Reiter, R. J. (1986): Effect of light irradiance and wavelength on the Syrian hamster reproductive system. Endocrinology 119, 648\u2013654."},{"key":"B6","series-title":"Free Radic. Res.","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hormones and oxidative stress: an overview","volume":"54","author":"Chainy, G. B.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chainy, G. B. and Sahoo, D. K. (2020): Hormones and oxidative stress: an overview. Free Radic. Res. 54, 1\u201326."},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Sci. Rep.","article-title":"Nesfatin-1 protects the reproductive health of male Sprague Dawley rats exposed to blue and white LED lights","volume":"13","author":"Chekani Azar, S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chekani Azar, S. and Sabuncuo\u011flu \u00c7oban, N. (2023): Nesfatin-1 protects the reproductive health of male Sprague Dawley rats exposed to blue and white LED lights. Sci. Rep. 13, 19962."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Physiol. Behav.","article-title":"Effects of lighting patterns in pubertal development and metabolism of female wistar rats","volume":"243","author":"Constantino, D. B.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Constantino, D. B., Tonon, A. C., de Oliveira, M. A. B., Amando, G. R., Freitas, J. J., Xavier, N. B., Ribeiro, R. J., Idiart, M. and Hidalgo, M. P. L. (2022): Effects of lighting patterns in pubertal development and metabolism of female wistar rats. Physiol. Behav. 243, 113641."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci.","first-page":"40","article-title":"The influence of red light exposure at night on circadian metabolism and physiology in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats","volume":"54","author":"Dauchy, R. T.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dauchy, R. T., Wren, M. A., Dauchy, E. M., Hoffman, A. E., Hanifin, J. P., Warfield, B., Jablonski, M. R., Brainard, G. C., Hill, S. M. and Mao, L. (2015): The influence of red light exposure at night on circadian metabolism and physiology in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats. J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 54, 40\u201350."},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Zoologist","first-page":"29","article-title":"Exposure of albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) to lights of varying wavelengths; effect on haematological profile, plasma electrolytes and weight gain","volume":"15","author":"Dedeke, G.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dedeke, G., Kehinde, F., Olatinwo, O., Johnson, O. and Adewale, A. (2017): Exposure of albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) to lights of varying wavelengths; effect on haematological profile, plasma electrolytes and weight gain. Zoologist. 15, 29\u201334."},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Behav. Neurosci.","first-page":"302","article-title":"Effects of light at night on laboratory animals and research outcomes","volume":"132","author":"Emmer, K. M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Emmer, K. M., Russart, K. L., Walker II, W. H., Nelson, R. J. and DeVries, A. C. (2018): Effects of light at night on laboratory animals and research outcomes. Behav. Neurosci. 132, 302."},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res.","first-page":"4687","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles loaded with oleuropein reduce doxorubicin-induced testicular damage by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis","volume":"202","author":"Erba\u015f, E.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Erba\u015f, E., Gelen, V., Kara, H., Gedikli, S., Ye\u015filda\u011f, A., \u00d6zkanlar, S. and Akarsu, S. A. (2024): Silver nanoparticles loaded with oleuropein reduce doxorubicin-induced testicular damage by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 202, 4687\u20134698."},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Jpn. J. Nutr.","first-page":"195","article-title":"The effect of illumination and darkness on the birth rate of the rat","volume":"31","author":"Esashi, T.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Esashi, T., Nakamura, K., Tsuchiya, K., Tamura, Y., Shimotomai, A., Yokota, F. and Hayami, H. (1973): The effect of illumination and darkness on the birth rate of the rat. Jpn. J. Nutr. 31, 195\u2013198."},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Laboratory Animal Medicine","first-page":"1746","author":"Fox, J. G.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fox, J. G., Anderson, L. C., Otto, G. M., Pritchett-Corning, K. R. and Whary, M. T. (2015): Laboratory Animal Medicine. Elsevier, China, p. 1746."},{"key":"B15","series-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr.","first-page":"2","article-title":"Testicular biopsy score count\u2013 a method for registration of spermatogenesis in human testes: normal values and results in 335 hypogonadal males","volume":"1","author":"Johnsen, S. G.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Johnsen, S. G. (1970): Testicular biopsy score count\u2013 a method for registration of spermatogenesis in human testes: normal values and results in 335 hypogonadal males. Horm. Res. Paediatr. 1, 2\u201325."},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Zoologist","first-page":"31","article-title":"Assessment of reproductive hormones in\u00a0prepubertal and postpubertal rats (Rattus norvegicus) on chronic exposure to various spectra of artificial light at night","volume":"22","author":"Kehinde, F.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kehinde, F., Dedeke, G., Olude, M., Ademolu, K., Aladesida, A. and Adewale, A. (2023): Assessment of reproductive hormones in\u00a0prepubertal and postpubertal rats (Rattus norvegicus) on chronic exposure to various spectra of artificial light at night. Zoologist 22, 31\u201339."},{"key":"B17","series-title":"Horm. Res.","first-page":"84","article-title":"Spectral properties of light affect plasma and pituitary gonadotropins in male rats","volume":"27","author":"Laakso, M. -L.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Laakso, M. -L., Porkka-Heiskanen, T., Johansson, G., Peder, M. and Nikanne, E. (1987): Spectral properties of light affect plasma and pituitary gonadotropins in male rats. Horm. Res. 27, 84\u201394."},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology","first-page":"258","author":"Luna, L. G.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Luna, L. G. (1968): Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 258."},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Adv. Geront.","first-page":"141","article-title":"The role of constant light exposure in various periods of postnatal ontogenesis in the development of pathology and mortality in male rats","volume":"9","author":"Matveeva, Y. P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matveeva, Y. P., Zhukova, O., Lotosh, T., Yunash, V., Bukalev, A. and Vinogradova, I. (2019): The role of constant light exposure in various periods of postnatal ontogenesis in the development of pathology and mortality in male rats. Adv. Geront. 9, 141\u2013146."},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Gen. Physiol. Biophys.","first-page":"299","article-title":"Chronic exposure to constant light affects morphology and secretion of adrenal zona fasciculata cells in female rats","volume":"24","author":"Milosevic, V.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Milosevic, V., Trifunovic, S., Sekulic, M., Sosic-Jurjevic, B., Filipovic, B., Negic, N., Nestorovic, N., Manojlovic Stojanoski, M. and Starcevic, V. (2005): Chronic exposure to constant light affects morphology and secretion of adrenal zona fasciculata cells in female rats. Gen. Physiol. Biophys. 24, 299."},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Reprod. Biol.","first-page":"55","article-title":"The staining pattern of human sperm with Diff Quik, relationship with sperm head morphology and a sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA)","volume":"11","author":"Moska, N.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moska, N., Murray, E., Wakefield, P. and Matson, P. (2011): The staining pattern of human sperm with Diff Quik, relationship with sperm head morphology and a sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA). Reprod. Biol. 11, 55\u201359."},{"key":"B22","series-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim.","first-page":"417","article-title":"Constant light exposure causes dissociation in gonadotrophin secretion and inhibits partially neuroendocrine differentiation of Leydig cells in adult rats","volume":"39","author":"Ortega, H.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ortega, H., Lorente, J., Mira, G., Baravalle, C. and Salvetti, N. (2004): Constant light exposure causes dissociation in gonadotrophin secretion and inhibits partially neuroendocrine differentiation of Leydig cells in adult rats. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 39, 417\u2013423."},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Jpn. J. Vet. Res.","first-page":"82","article-title":"Investigation of the subchronic effects of low-dose pesticide mixture on rat testes","volume":"71","author":"\u00d6m\u00fcr, A. D.","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u00d6m\u00fcr, A. D., Sevim, \u00c7., Sa\u011flam, Y. S., Bolat, \u0130., Gen\u00e7, S., Yeni, Y., Ayd\u0131n, M. A., Sunar, S., Ko\u00e7ak, G. and Akarsu, S. A. (2024): Investigation of the subchronic effects of low-dose pesticide mixture on rat testes. Jpn. J. Vet. Res. 71, 82\u201394."},{"key":"B24","series-title":"Anal. Biochem.","first-page":"359","article-title":"Estimation of product of lipid peroxidation (malonyl dialdehyde) in biochemical systems","volume":"16","author":"Placer, Z. A.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Placer, Z. A., Cushman, L. L. and Johnson, B. C. (1966): Estimation of product of lipid peroxidation (malonyl dialdehyde) in biochemical systems. Anal. Biochem. 16, 359\u2013364."},{"key":"B25","series-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother.","first-page":"1284","article-title":"Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.) fruit extract alleviates testis and sperm damages induced by taxane-based chemotherapeutics","volume":"95","author":"Sar\u0131\u00f6zkan, S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sar\u0131\u00f6zkan, S., T\u00fcrk, G., Eken, A., Bayram, L. \u00c7., Baldemir, A. and Do\u011fan, G. (2017): Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.) fruit extract alleviates testis and sperm damages induced by taxane-based chemotherapeutics. Biomed. Pharmacother. 95, 1284\u20131294."},{"key":"B26","series-title":"Anal. Biochem.","first-page":"192","article-title":"Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman's reagent","volume":"25","author":"Sedlak, J.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Sedlak, J. and Lindsay, R. H. (1968): Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman's reagent. Anal. Biochem. 25, 192\u2013205."},{"key":"B27","series-title":"G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane Univ. J. Health Sci.","first-page":"889","article-title":"Effect of white noise and light exposure on some enzymes in rat testicular tissue","volume":"12","author":"\u015eent\u00fcrk, E.","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u015eent\u00fcrk, E., \u00dcst\u00fcnda\u011f, H., Ayg\u00fcl, \u0130. and \u015eent\u00fcrk, M. (2023): Effect of white noise and light exposure on some enzymes in rat testicular tissue. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane Univ. J. Health Sci. 12, 889\u2013894."},{"key":"B28","series-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res.","first-page":"4605","article-title":"Carvacrol reduces mercuric chloride-induced testicular toxicity by regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and histopathological changes","volume":"202","author":"\u015eim\u015fek, H.","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u015eim\u015fek, H., G\u00fcr, C., K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckler, S., \u0130lerit\u00fcrk, M., Akaras, N., \u00d6z, M. and Kandemir, F. M. (2023): Carvacrol reduces mercuric chloride-induced testicular toxicity by regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and histopathological changes. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 202, 4605\u20134617."},{"key":"B29","series-title":"GSC Biol. Pharm. Sci.","first-page":"123","article-title":"The effects of different light spectrum on some oxidative stress parameters in male and female rats","volume":"25","author":"Trasci, N.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Trasci, N., Baykalir, Y. and Simsek, U. G. (2023): The effects of different light spectrum on some oxidative stress parameters in male and female rats. GSC Biol. Pharm. Sci. 25, 123\u2013128."},{"key":"B30","series-title":"Environ. Toxicol.","first-page":"2656","article-title":"Effects of sinapic acid on lead acetate - induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation in testicular tissue","volume":"38","author":"Tuncer, S. \u00c7.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tuncer, S. \u00c7., Akarsu, S. A., K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckler, S., G\u00fcr, C. and Kandemir, F. M. (2023): Effects of sinapic acid on lead acetate - induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation in testicular tissue. Environ. Toxicol. 38, 2656\u20132667."},{"key":"B31","series-title":"Iran J. Basic Med. Sci.","first-page":"603","article-title":"Effects of zingerone on rat induced testicular toxicity by sodium arsenite via oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy pathways","volume":"27","author":"Tuncer, S. \u00c7.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tuncer, S. \u00c7., Gur, S., Kucukler, C., Akarsu, S. A. and Kandemir, F. M. (2024): Effects of zingerone on rat induced testicular toxicity by sodium arsenite via oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy pathways. Iran J. Basic Med. Sci. 27, 603\u2013610."},{"key":"B32","series-title":"Fertil. Steril.","first-page":"1474","article-title":"Improvement of cisplatin-induced injuries to sperm quality, the oxidant-antioxidant system, and the histologic structure of the rat testis by ellagic acid","volume":"89","author":"T\u00fcrk, G.","year":"2008","unstructured":"T\u00fcrk, G., Ate\u015f\u015fahin, A., S\u00f6nmez, M., \u00c7eriba\u015fi, A. O. and Y\u00fcce, A. (2008): Improvement of cisplatin-induced injuries to sperm quality, the oxidant-antioxidant system, and the histologic structure of the rat testis by ellagic acid. Fertil. Steril. 89, 1474\u20131481."},{"key":"B33","series-title":"Theriogenology","first-page":"778","article-title":"Lycopene protects against cyclosporine A-induced testicular toxicity in rats","volume":"67","author":"T\u00fcrk, G.","year":"2007","unstructured":"T\u00fcrk, G., Ate\u015f\u015fahin, A., S\u00f6nmez, M., Y\u00fcce, A. and \u00c7eriba\u015fi, A. O. (2007): Lycopene protects against cyclosporine A-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Theriogenology 67, 778\u2013785."},{"key":"B34","series-title":"Aquaculture.","article-title":"The stimulation effects of\u00a0green light on the growth, testicular development and stress\u00a0of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus","volume":"546","author":"Zou, Y.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zou, Y., Peng, Z., Wang, W., Liang, S., Song, C., Wang, L., Wu, Z., Wu, Q., Tan, X. and You, F. (2022): The stimulation effects of\u00a0green light on the growth, testicular development and stress\u00a0of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture. 546, 737275."}],"container-title":["Acta Veterinaria Hungarica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/004\/73\/1\/article-p1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/004\/73\/1\/article-p1.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/004\/73\/1\/article-p1.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T17:46:59Z","timestamp":1745344019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/004\/73\/1\/article-p1.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/004.2025.01063","relation":{},"ISSN":["0236-6290","1588-2705"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0236-6290"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1588-2705"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]}}}