{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:18:12Z","timestamp":1778858292159,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AVET"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium ulcerans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ecovar Liflandii has recently been described as the causative agent of fatal\u00a0disease in different frog species. This is the first report of this pathogen in a Cuban crocodile (\n                    <jats:italic>Crocodylus rhombifer<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), which died suddenly in a Hungarian zoo. The authors' findings suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>M.\u00a0ulcerans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ecovar Liflandii does not exclusively infects anurans and highlights the zoonotic risk posed by this emerging pathogen.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2026.01219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T15:18:34Z","timestamp":1776266314000},"page":"82-86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mycobacterium ulcerans ecovar Liflandii infection in new host in a Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer)"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3322-8311","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Bi\u00e1csi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ny\u00edregyh\u00e1zi \u00c1llatpark Nonprofit Kft.\/ Sosto Zoo, 4431 Hrsz.:15010\/2, Ny\u00edregyh\u00e1za-S\u00f3st\u00f3f\u00fcrd\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1rp\u00e1d","family":"Bacsadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, 1143 T\u00e1bornok u. 2., Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Endre \u00c1kos","family":"Papp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ny\u00edregyh\u00e1zi \u00c1llatpark Nonprofit Kft.\/ Sosto Zoo, 4431 Hrsz.:15010\/2, Ny\u00edregyh\u00e1za-S\u00f3st\u00f3f\u00fcrd\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1nos","family":"G\u00e1l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Istv\u00e1n u. 2., Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zsuzsanna","family":"R\u00f3nai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, 1143 T\u00e1bornok u. 2., Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"B1","series-title":"Aust. Vet. J.","first-page":"831","article-title":"Mycobacteriosis in young freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni)","volume":"75","author":"Ariel E.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ariel E., Ladds P. W. and Roberts B. L. (1997): Mycobacteriosis in young freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni). Aust. Vet. J. 75(11), 831\u2013833."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz.","first-page":"265","article-title":"Mycobacterial infections in domestic and wild animals due to Mycobacterium marinum, M.\u00a0fortuitum, M. chelonae, M. porcinum, M. farcinogenes, M.\u00a0smegmatis, M.\u00a0scrofulaceum, M. xenopi, M. kansasii, M. simiae and M.\u00a0genavense","volume":"20","author":"Bercovier H.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bercovier H. and Vincent V. (2001): Mycobacterial infections in domestic and wild animals due to Mycobacterium marinum, M.\u00a0fortuitum, M. chelonae, M. porcinum, M. farcinogenes, M.\u00a0smegmatis, M.\u00a0scrofulaceum, M. xenopi, M. kansasii, M. simiae and M.\u00a0genavense. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz. 20, 265\u2013290."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Vet. Pathol.","first-page":"641","article-title":"High-mortality epizootic Mycobacterium ulcerans ecovar liflandii in a colony of Zaire Dwarf clawed frogs (Hymenochirus boettgeri)","volume":"61","author":"Boulanger M.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boulanger M., Crim M. J., Keller J. and Hoenerhoff M. J. (2024): High-mortality epizootic Mycobacterium ulcerans ecovar liflandii in a colony of Zaire Dwarf clawed frogs (Hymenochirus boettgeri). Vet. Pathol. 61, 641\u2013652."},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Aust. Vet. J.","first-page":"357","article-title":"Pathology of skin diseases in crocodiles","volume":"76","author":"Buenviaje G. N.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Buenviaje G. N., Ladds P. W. and Martin Y. (1998): Pathology of skin diseases in crocodiles. Aust. Vet. J. 76, 357\u2013363."},{"issue":"12","key":"B5","series-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep.","first-page":"1527","article-title":"History, biology and chemistry of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections (Buruli ulcer disease)","volume":"30","author":"Chany A. C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chany A. C., Tresse C., Casarotto V. and Blanchard N. (2013): History, biology and chemistry of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections (Buruli ulcer disease). Nat. Prod. Rep. 30(12): 1527\u20131567."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"B6","series-title":"Vet. Microbiol.","first-page":"159","article-title":"Piscine mycobacteriosis: a literature review covering the agent and the disease it causes in fish and humans","volume":"99","author":"Decostere A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Decostere A., Hermans K. and Haesebrouck F. (2004): Piscine mycobacteriosis: a literature review covering the agent and the disease it causes in fish and humans. Vet. Microbiol. 99(3\u20134), 159\u2013166."},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Vet. Pathol.","first-page":"856","article-title":"Mycobacterium liflandii outbreak in a research colony of Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis frogs","volume":"48","author":"Fremont-Rahl J. J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fremont-Rahl J. J., Ek C., Williamson H. R., Small P. L., Fox J. G. and Muthupalani S. (2011): Mycobacterium liflandii outbreak in a research colony of Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis frogs. Vet. Pathol. 48, 856\u2013867."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Science.","first-page":"854","article-title":"Mycolactone: a polyketide toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans required for virulence","volume":"283","author":"George K. M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"George K. M., Chatterjee D., Gunawardana G., Welty D., Lee R. E. and Small P. L. C. (1999): Mycolactone: a polyketide toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans required for virulence. Science. 283, 854\u2013857."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"J. Med. Microbiol.","first-page":"511","article-title":"The pathological society of great Britain and Ireland EDITORIAL Mycobacterium ulcerans - a mini-review","volume":"48","author":"Johnson P. D. R.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Johnson P. D. R., Stinear T. P. and Hayman J. A. (1999): The pathological society of great Britain and Ireland EDITORIAL Mycobacterium ulcerans - a mini-review. J. Med. Microbiol. 48, 511\u2013513."},{"issue":"6","key":"B10","series-title":"Infect. Immun.","first-page":"3307","article-title":"A newly discovered mycobacterial pathogen isolated from laboratory colonies of Xenopus species with lethal infections produces a novel form of mycolactone, the Mycobacterium ulcerans macrolide toxin","volume":"73","author":"Mve-Obiang A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mve-Obiang A., Lee R. E., Umstot E. S., Trott K. A., Grammer T. C., Parker J. M., Ranger B. S., Grainger R., Mahrous E. A. and Small P. L. (2005): A newly discovered mycobacterial pathogen isolated from laboratory colonies of Xenopus species with lethal infections produces a novel form of mycolactone, the Mycobacterium ulcerans macrolide toxin. Infect. Immun. 73(6), 3307\u20133312."},{"issue":"3","key":"B11","series-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med.","first-page":"550","article-title":"Granulomatous Pneumonia in a captive freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni) caused by Mycobacterium szulgai","volume":"41","author":"Roh Y.-S.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roh Y.-S., Park H., Cho A., Islam M. R., Chekarova I., Ejaz S. E., Lim C. W. and Kim B. (2010): Granulomatous Pneumonia in a captive freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni) caused by Mycobacterium szulgai. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 41(3), 550\u2013554."},{"key":"B12","series-title":"BioMed Res. Int.","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fish tank granuloma caused by Mycobacterium marinum in two aquarists: two case reports","volume":"2013","author":"Slany M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Slany M., Jezek J. and Bodnarova M. (2013): Fish tank granuloma caused by Mycobacterium marinum in two aquarists: two case reports. BioMed Res. Int. 2013, 1\u20134."},{"issue":"5","key":"B13","series-title":"Emerg. Inf. Dis.","first-page":"743","article-title":"Mycobacterium liflandii infection in European\u00a0colony of Silurana tropicalis","volume":"13","author":"Suykerbuyk P.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Suykerbuyk P., Vleminckx K., Pasmans F., Stragier P., Ablordey A., Tran H. T., Hermans K., Fleetwood M., Meyers W. M. and Portaels F. (2007): Mycobacterium liflandii infection in European\u00a0colony of Silurana tropicalis. Emerg. Inf. Dis. 13(5), 743\u2013746."},{"issue":"3","key":"B14","series-title":"J. of Bacteriology.","first-page":"556","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of the frog pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans ecovar Liflandii","volume":"195","author":"Tobias N. J.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tobias N. J., Doig K. D., Medema M. H., Chen H., Haring V., Moore R., Seemann T. and Stinear T. P. (2013): Complete genome sequence of the frog pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans ecovar Liflandii. J. of Bacteriology. 195(3), 556\u2013564."},{"issue":"3","key":"B15","series-title":"Comp. Med.","first-page":"309","article-title":"Characterization of a Mycobacterium ulcerans-like infection in a colony of African tropical clawed frogs (Xenopus tropicalis)","volume":"54","author":"Trott K. A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Trott K. A., Stacy B. A., Lifland B. D., Diggs H. E., Harland R. M., Khokha M. K., Grammer T. C. and Parker J. M. (2004): Characterization of a Mycobacterium ulcerans-like infection in a colony of African tropical clawed frogs (Xenopus tropicalis). Comp. Med. 54(3), 309\u2013317."},{"issue":"4","key":"B16","series-title":"Genome Res.","first-page":"269","article-title":"Detection and identification of multiple mycobacterial pathogens by DNA amplification in a single tube","volume":"1","author":"Wilton S.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wilton S. and Cousins D. (1992): Detection and identification of multiple mycobacterial pathogens by DNA amplification in a single tube. Genome Res. 1(4), 269\u2013273."},{"issue":"11","key":"B1","series-title":"Aust. Vet. J.","first-page":"831","article-title":"Mycobacteriosis in young freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni)","volume":"75","author":"Ariel E.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ariel E., Ladds P. W. and Roberts B. L. (1997): Mycobacteriosis in young freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni). Aust. Vet. J. 75(11), 831\u2013833."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz.","first-page":"265","article-title":"Mycobacterial infections in domestic and wild animals due to Mycobacterium marinum, M.\u00a0fortuitum, M. chelonae, M. porcinum, M. farcinogenes, M.\u00a0smegmatis, M.\u00a0scrofulaceum, M. xenopi, M. kansasii, M. simiae and M.\u00a0genavense","volume":"20","author":"Bercovier H.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bercovier H. and Vincent V. (2001): Mycobacterial infections in domestic and wild animals due to Mycobacterium marinum, M.\u00a0fortuitum, M. chelonae, M. porcinum, M. farcinogenes, M.\u00a0smegmatis, M.\u00a0scrofulaceum, M. xenopi, M. kansasii, M. simiae and M.\u00a0genavense. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz. 20, 265\u2013290."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Vet. Pathol.","first-page":"641","article-title":"High-mortality epizootic Mycobacterium ulcerans ecovar liflandii in a colony of Zaire Dwarf clawed frogs (Hymenochirus boettgeri)","volume":"61","author":"Boulanger M.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boulanger M., Crim M. J., Keller J. and Hoenerhoff M. J. (2024): High-mortality epizootic Mycobacterium ulcerans ecovar liflandii in a colony of Zaire Dwarf clawed frogs (Hymenochirus boettgeri). Vet. Pathol. 61, 641\u2013652."},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Aust. Vet. J.","first-page":"357","article-title":"Pathology of skin diseases in crocodiles","volume":"76","author":"Buenviaje G. N.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Buenviaje G. N., Ladds P. W. and Martin Y. (1998): Pathology of skin diseases in crocodiles. Aust. Vet. J. 76, 357\u2013363."},{"issue":"12","key":"B5","series-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep.","first-page":"1527","article-title":"History, biology and chemistry of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections (Buruli ulcer disease)","volume":"30","author":"Chany A. C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chany A. C., Tresse C., Casarotto V. and Blanchard N. (2013): History, biology and chemistry of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections (Buruli ulcer disease). Nat. Prod. Rep. 30(12): 1527\u20131567."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"B6","series-title":"Vet. Microbiol.","first-page":"159","article-title":"Piscine mycobacteriosis: a literature review covering the agent and the disease it causes in fish and humans","volume":"99","author":"Decostere A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Decostere A., Hermans K. and Haesebrouck F. (2004): Piscine mycobacteriosis: a literature review covering the agent and the disease it causes in fish and humans. Vet. Microbiol. 99(3\u20134), 159\u2013166."},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Vet. Pathol.","first-page":"856","article-title":"Mycobacterium liflandii outbreak in a research colony of Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis frogs","volume":"48","author":"Fremont-Rahl J. J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fremont-Rahl J. J., Ek C., Williamson H. R., Small P. L., Fox J. G. and Muthupalani S. (2011): Mycobacterium liflandii outbreak in a research colony of Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis frogs. Vet. Pathol. 48, 856\u2013867."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Science.","first-page":"854","article-title":"Mycolactone: a polyketide toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans required for virulence","volume":"283","author":"George K. M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"George K. M., Chatterjee D., Gunawardana G., Welty D., Lee R. E. and Small P. L. C. (1999): Mycolactone: a polyketide toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans required for virulence. Science. 283, 854\u2013857."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"J. Med. Microbiol.","first-page":"511","article-title":"The pathological society of great Britain and Ireland EDITORIAL Mycobacterium ulcerans - a mini-review","volume":"48","author":"Johnson P. D. R.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Johnson P. D. R., Stinear T. P. and Hayman J. A. (1999): The pathological society of great Britain and Ireland EDITORIAL Mycobacterium ulcerans - a mini-review. J. Med. Microbiol. 48, 511\u2013513."},{"issue":"6","key":"B10","series-title":"Infect. Immun.","first-page":"3307","article-title":"A newly discovered mycobacterial pathogen isolated from laboratory colonies of Xenopus species with lethal infections produces a novel form of mycolactone, the Mycobacterium ulcerans macrolide toxin","volume":"73","author":"Mve-Obiang A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mve-Obiang A., Lee R. E., Umstot E. S., Trott K. A., Grammer T. C., Parker J. M., Ranger B. S., Grainger R., Mahrous E. A. and Small P. L. (2005): A newly discovered mycobacterial pathogen isolated from laboratory colonies of Xenopus species with lethal infections produces a novel form of mycolactone, the Mycobacterium ulcerans macrolide toxin. Infect. Immun. 73(6), 3307\u20133312."},{"issue":"3","key":"B11","series-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med.","first-page":"550","article-title":"Granulomatous Pneumonia in a captive freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni) caused by Mycobacterium szulgai","volume":"41","author":"Roh Y.-S.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roh Y.-S., Park H., Cho A., Islam M. R., Chekarova I., Ejaz S. E., Lim C. W. and Kim B. (2010): Granulomatous Pneumonia in a captive freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni) caused by Mycobacterium szulgai. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 41(3), 550\u2013554."},{"key":"B12","series-title":"BioMed Res. Int.","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fish tank granuloma caused by Mycobacterium marinum in two aquarists: two case reports","volume":"2013","author":"Slany M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Slany M., Jezek J. and Bodnarova M. (2013): Fish tank granuloma caused by Mycobacterium marinum in two aquarists: two case reports. BioMed Res. Int. 2013, 1\u20134."},{"issue":"5","key":"B13","series-title":"Emerg. Inf. Dis.","first-page":"743","article-title":"Mycobacterium liflandii infection in European\u00a0colony of Silurana tropicalis","volume":"13","author":"Suykerbuyk P.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Suykerbuyk P., Vleminckx K., Pasmans F., Stragier P., Ablordey A., Tran H. T., Hermans K., Fleetwood M., Meyers W. M. and Portaels F. (2007): Mycobacterium liflandii infection in European\u00a0colony of Silurana tropicalis. Emerg. Inf. Dis. 13(5), 743\u2013746."},{"issue":"3","key":"B14","series-title":"J. of Bacteriology.","first-page":"556","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of the frog pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans ecovar Liflandii","volume":"195","author":"Tobias N. J.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tobias N. J., Doig K. D., Medema M. H., Chen H., Haring V., Moore R., Seemann T. and Stinear T. P. (2013): Complete genome sequence of the frog pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans ecovar Liflandii. J. of Bacteriology. 195(3), 556\u2013564."},{"issue":"3","key":"B15","series-title":"Comp. Med.","first-page":"309","article-title":"Characterization of a Mycobacterium ulcerans-like infection in a colony of African tropical clawed frogs (Xenopus tropicalis)","volume":"54","author":"Trott K. A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Trott K. A., Stacy B. A., Lifland B. D., Diggs H. E., Harland R. M., Khokha M. K., Grammer T. C. and Parker J. M. (2004): Characterization of a Mycobacterium ulcerans-like infection in a colony of African tropical clawed frogs (Xenopus tropicalis). Comp. Med. 54(3), 309\u2013317."},{"issue":"4","key":"B16","series-title":"Genome Res.","first-page":"269","article-title":"Detection and identification of multiple mycobacterial pathogens by DNA amplification in a single tube","volume":"1","author":"Wilton S.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wilton S. and Cousins D. (1992): Detection and identification of multiple mycobacterial pathogens by DNA amplification in a single tube. Genome Res. 1(4), 269\u2013273."}],"container-title":["Acta Veterinaria Hungarica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/004\/74\/2\/article-p82.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/004\/74\/2\/article-p82.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/004\/74\/2\/article-p82.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:03:58Z","timestamp":1778857438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/004\/74\/2\/article-p82.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/004.2026.01219","relation":{},"ISSN":["0236-6290","1588-2705"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0236-6290","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2705","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]}}}