{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:02:56Z","timestamp":1789570976070,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AVET"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Inactivated FMD vaccine with aluminium hydroxide induces Th2 response. Glycyrrhizin is a triterpenoid saponin extracted from the licorice plant, which has immunomodulatory activities. In this study, two different formulations (oil- and alum-based adjuvants) of FMD vaccines were used to see if glycyrrhizic acid (GZA) has an enhancing effect on the adjuvant, and whether its impact depends on the nature of the\n                    <jats:italic>co-administered adjuvant<\/jats:italic>\n                    or not. Balb\/c mice were immunised subcutaneously on days 0, 14, and 28 with 2\u2009\u03bcg of inactivated FMD virus formulated in Alum or Montanide ISA206 adjuvant with or without GZA. Two weeks later, IFN-\u03b3, IL-2 and IL-4 cytokines, specific total IgG antibodies, IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes, IgG avidity index and serum neutralisation activity were evaluated. The results indicate that GZA enhanced IFN-\u03b3, IL-2 and IFN-\u03b3\/IL-4 levels and specific IgG titre compared to the FMD-Alum group. In addition, FMD-Montanide ISA206-GZA enhanced IFN-\u03b3 and IFN-\u03b3\/IL-4 ratio, whereas it suppressed the specific IgG titre and the avidity index. Furthermore, serum neutralisation tests showed a significant increase in FMD-Alum-GZA group, while GZA in the Montanide-based vaccine suppressed the serum neutralisation response. These findings suggest that the adjuvant effect of GZA is dependent on the co-administered adjuvant.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2026.01269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:00:26Z","timestamp":1788271226000},"page":"259-266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glycyrrhizic acid increased FMD vaccine potency\u00a0in a mineral-based adjuvant, but not\u00a0in\u00a0an oil-based adjuvant"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Ghasemkhani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, NT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0369-2092","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ashrafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, NT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mehdi","family":"Hassanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of BCG Vaccine Production, Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akbar","family":"Khorasani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of FMD Vaccine Production, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Feizabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, NT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad-Reza","family":"Sanaye-Pasand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Delnavazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marziyeh","family":"Ghayoumian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Yazdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Taghizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Vaccine, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4478-5957","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Mahdavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP) Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, National Cancer Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Pharmacol. Therapeut.","article-title":"Glycyrrhizin: an alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19 infection and the associated respiratory syndrome?","volume":"214","author":"Bailly, C.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bailly, C. and Vergoten, G. (2020): Glycyrrhizin: an alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19 infection and the associated respiratory syndrome? Pharmacol. Therapeut. 214, 107618."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"1221","article-title":"Evidence that high potency foot-and-mouth disease vaccine inhibits local virus replication and prevents the \u201ccarrier\u201d state in sheep","volume":"22","author":"Barnett, P. V.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barnett, P. V., Keel, P., Reid, S., Armstrong, R. M., Statham, R. J., Voyce, C., Aggarwal, N. and Cox, S. J. (2004): Evidence that high potency foot-and-mouth disease vaccine inhibits local virus replication and prevents the \u201ccarrier\u201d state in sheep. Vaccine 22, 1221\u20131232."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Viruses","article-title":"Development and validation of a Mucosal antibody (IgA) test to identify persistent infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"13","author":"Biswal, J. K.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Biswal, J. K., Nardo, A. D., Taylor, G., Paton, D. J. and Parida, S. (2021): Development and validation of a Mucosal antibody (IgA) test to identify persistent infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus. Viruses 13."},{"key":"B4","series-title":"J. Vet. Sci.","article-title":"Improved immune responses and safety of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine containing immunostimulating components in pigs","volume":"21","author":"Choi, J.-H.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi, J.-H., You, S.-H., Ko, M.-K., Jo, H. E., Shin, S. H., Jo, H., Lee, M. J., Kim, S.-M., Kim, B. and Lee, J.-S. (2020): Improved immune responses and safety of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine containing immunostimulating components in pigs. J. Vet. 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Res. 12, 205."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Viral Immunol.","first-page":"663","article-title":"Different formulations of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates in human compatible adjuvants: potency studies in mice showed different platforms of immune responses","volume":"35","author":"Haghighi, M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haghighi, M., Khorasani, A., Karimi, P., Keshavarz, R. and Mahdavi, M. (2022): Different formulations of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates in human compatible adjuvants: potency studies in mice showed different platforms of immune responses. Viral Immunol. 35, 663\u2013672."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Front. Vet. Sci.","article-title":"Novel foot-and-mouth disease vaccine platform: formulations for safe and DIVA-compatible FMD vaccines with improved potency","volume":"7","author":"Hardham, J. M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hardham, J. M., Krug, P., Pacheco, J. M., Thompson, J., Dominowski, P., Moulin, V., Gay, C. G., Rodriguez, L. 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Sci.","article-title":"Evaluation of potency and duration of immunity elicited by a multivalent FMD vaccine for use in South Africa","volume":"8","author":"Peta, F. R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peta, F. R., Sirdar, M., van Bavel, P., Mutowembwa, P., Visser, N., Olowoyo, J., Seheri, M. and Heath, L. (2021): Evaluation of potency and duration of immunity elicited by a multivalent FMD vaccine for use in South Africa. Front. Vet. Sci. 8, 750223."},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol.","first-page":"243","article-title":"Effect of naturally occurring triterpenoids ursolic acid and glycyrrhizic acid on the cell-mediated immune responses of metastatic tumor-bearing animals","volume":"30","author":"Raphael, T. J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Raphael, T. J. and Kuttan, G. (2008): Effect of naturally occurring triterpenoids ursolic acid and glycyrrhizic acid on the cell-mediated immune responses of metastatic tumor-bearing animals. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 30, 243\u2013255."},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol.","article-title":"Formulation of HBsAg in Montanide ISA 51VG adjuvant: immunogenicity study and monitoring long-lived humoral immune responses","volume":"96","author":"Savoji, M. A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Savoji, M. A., Sereshgi, M. M. A., Ghahari, S. M. M., Asgarhalvaei, F. and Mahdavi, M. (2021): Formulation of HBsAg in Montanide ISA 51VG adjuvant: immunogenicity study and monitoring long-lived humoral immune responses. Int. Immunopharmacol. 96, 107599."},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Int. J. pharm.","first-page":"271","article-title":"Glycyrrhizic acid as a multifunctional drug carrier - from physicochemical properties to biomedical applications: a modern insight on the ancient drug","volume":"559","author":"Selyutina, O. Y.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Selyutina, O. Y. and Polyakov, N. E. (2019): Glycyrrhizic acid as a multifunctional drug carrier - from physicochemical properties to biomedical applications: a modern insight on the ancient drug. Int. J. pharm. 559, 271\u2013279."},{"key":"B22","series-title":"Viral Immunol.","first-page":"401","article-title":"Formulation of Recombinant H1N1 Hemagglutinin in MF59 and alum adjuvants: a comparison of the vaccines potency\u00a0and efficacy in BALB\/C mice","volume":"36","author":"Sepasi, A.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sepasi, A., Ghafourian, M., Taghizadeh, M. and Mahdavi, M. (2023): Formulation of Recombinant H1N1 Hemagglutinin in MF59 and alum adjuvants: a comparison of the vaccines potency\u00a0and efficacy in BALB\/C mice. Viral Immunol. 36, 401\u2013408."},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. 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Front Microbiol 14, 1289065."},{"key":"B25","series-title":"Vaccines","first-page":"90","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease virus: immunobiology, advances in vaccines and vaccination strategies addressing vaccine failures\u2014an Indian perspective","volume":"7","author":"Singh, R. K.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh, R. K., Sharma, G. K., Mahajan, S., Dhama, K., Basagoudanavar, S. H., Hosamani, M., Sreenivasa, B., Chaicumpa, W., Gupta, V. K. and Sanyal, A. (2019): Foot-and-mouth disease virus: immunobiology, advances in vaccines and vaccination strategies addressing vaccine failures\u2014an Indian perspective. Vaccines 7, 90."},{"key":"B26","series-title":"Pathogens","article-title":"The carrier conundrum; a review of recent advances and persistent gaps regarding the carrier state of foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"9","author":"Stenfeldt, C.","year":"2020a","unstructured":"Stenfeldt, C. and Arzt, J. (2020a): The carrier conundrum; a review of recent advances and persistent gaps regarding the carrier state of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Pathogens 9."},{"key":"B27","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"167","article-title":"The carrier conundrum; a review of recent advances and persistent gaps regarding the carrier state of foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"9","author":"Stenfeldt, C.","year":"2020b","unstructured":"Stenfeldt, C. and Arzt, J. (2020b): The carrier conundrum; a review of recent advances and persistent gaps regarding the carrier state of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Pathogens 9, 167."},{"key":"B28","series-title":"Turkish J. Immunol.","article-title":"Immune\u00a0response profile induced by combined alum and Glycyrrhizin liposomes in Balb\/c mice immunized with ovalbumin","volume":"11","author":"Tahvili, S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tahvili, S., Abtahi Froushani, S. M. and Yaghobi, R. (2023): Immune\u00a0response profile induced by combined alum and Glycyrrhizin liposomes in Balb\/c mice immunized with ovalbumin. Turkish J. Immunol. 11."},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Arch. Virol.","first-page":"2927","article-title":"A proposed division of the family Picornaviridae into subfamilies based on phylogenetic relationships and functional genomic organization","volume":"166","author":"Zell, R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zell, R., Knowles, N. J. and Simmonds, P. (2021): A proposed division of the family Picornaviridae into subfamilies based on phylogenetic relationships and functional genomic organization. Arch. Virol. 166, 2927\u20132935."},{"key":"B30","series-title":"Immunology","first-page":"528","article-title":"Glycyrrhizin\u00a0as a promoter of the late signal transduction for interleukin-2 production by splenic lymphocytes","volume":"79","author":"Zhang, Y. H.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. H., Isobe, K., Nagase, F., Lwin, T., Kato, M., Hamaguchi, M., Yokochi, T. and Nakashima, I. (1993): Glycyrrhizin\u00a0as a promoter of the late signal transduction for interleukin-2 production by splenic lymphocytes. Immunology 79, 528\u2013534."},{"key":"B31","series-title":"Vet Res.","first-page":"132","article-title":"Interleukin-10 production at the early stage of infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus related to the likelihood of persistent infection in cattle","volume":"46","author":"Zhang, Z.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Doel, C. and Bashiruddin, J. B. (2015): Interleukin-10 production at the early stage of infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus related to the likelihood of persistent infection in cattle. Vet Res. 46, 132."}],"container-title":["Acta Veterinaria Hungarica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/004\/74\/3\/article-p259.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/004\/74\/3\/article-p259.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/004\/74\/3\/article-p259.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:10:38Z","timestamp":1789567838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/004\/74\/3\/article-p259.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/004.2026.01269","relation":{},"ISSN":["0236-6290","1588-2705"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0236-6290","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2705","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]}}}