{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:00:29Z","timestamp":1791471629934,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AVET"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    is traditionally endemic in the Mediterranean basin; however, imported infections and sporadic autochthonous cases are increasingly often reported in Central Europe. Recent field surveys and curated vector-distribution datasets indicate that several phlebotomine sand fly species occur in the Carpathian Basin and climate-based suitability models suggest that ecologically favourable microhabitats may be present beyond the historical endemic zone. In this narrative, practice-oriented review, we synthesise literature published between 2004 and 2026, including European entomological studies, VectorNet outputs and current clinical guidelines, to frame CanL risk in Hungary as low but non-zero. Available evidence confirms the presence of multiple\n                    <jats:italic>Phlebotomus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species in Hungary, whereas detection of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    in sand flies remains rare and sustained local transmission has not been demonstrated. Within this epidemiological context, we\u00a0propose a risk-stratified diagnostic approach that integrates travel or import history, pre-test probability and staged use of quantitative serology, PCR, cytology\/histology and clinicopathology. Stage-adapted treatment, preventive measures for travelling and imported dogs and blood donor screening are discussed with emphasis on avoiding misclassification and overtreatment in low-prevalence\u00a0settings. Finally, we outline how veterinary practices can contribute sentinel data and risk communication within a One Health framework.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2026.01311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:42:41Z","timestamp":1791470561000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Canine leishmaniosis in a low-but-non-zero risk\u00a0setting: A practice-oriented review from Hungary"],"prefix":"10.1556","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7147-9026","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zsombor","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsuzsanna","family":"Vizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Bir\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mi","family":"Tarpataki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"PloS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar, J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alvar, J., V\u00e9lez, I. 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