{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T13:53:28Z","timestamp":1762005208486,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004113","name":"Lebanese University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["501100004113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["501100004113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004113","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007586","name":"Aix-Marseille University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["100007586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100007586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMicr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the routine identification tools available in Lebanon for differentiation of <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> spp. The identification of 43 isolates defined as <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> spp. by Api 20E was accessed using MALDI-TOF, serological testing, duplex PCR targeting <jats:italic>ipaH<\/jats:italic> (present in <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> spp. and enteroinvasive <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> \u201cEIEC\u201d) and <jats:italic>lacY<\/jats:italic> (found in <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> including EIEC but not <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> spp.) as well as <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic> gene sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility was investigated as well as Shiga-toxin production. All isolates were identified as <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> by MALDI-TOF while the PCR showed a disparate group of 26 EIEC, 11 <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> spp., 5 <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and 1 inactive <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. However, the sequencing of <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic> gene, which was recently described as a suitable marker for distinguishing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> spp., identified all isolates as <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. Antibiotic resistance was noticeable against \u00df-lactams, rifampicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin. The most common variants of beta-lactamase genes were <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM-1<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-15,<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-3<\/jats:sub>. A great discordance between the used methods in identification was revealed herein. An accurate identification technique able to distinguish <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> from <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> spp. in routine laboratories is a pressing need in order to select the appropriate treatment and assess the epidemiology of these bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2020.01102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T08:25:02Z","timestamp":1585556702000},"page":"100-106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Challenges in identification of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. in Lebanon"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Fatima Bachir","family":"Halimeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Laboratoire Microbiologie Sant\u00e9 et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon"},{"name":"2Aix Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rayane","family":"Rafei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Laboratoire Microbiologie Sant\u00e9 et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seydina","family":"Diene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Aix Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Mikhael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Laboratoire Microbiologie Sant\u00e9 et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Mallat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Laboratoire Microbiologie Sant\u00e9 et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Achkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Laboratory of Clinical Biology, NINI Hospital, Tripoli, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fouad","family":"Dabboussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Laboratoire Microbiologie Sant\u00e9 et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7466-5118","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Monzer","family":"Hamze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Laboratoire Microbiologie Sant\u00e9 et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Rolain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Aix Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine et de Pharmacie, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00114.x","article-title":"Structure and genetics of Shigella O antigens","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00350-16","article-title":"Investigating the relatedness of Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli to other E. coli and Shigella isolates by using comparative genomics","volume":"84","author":"Hazen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref501","first-page":"61","article-title":"Shigella strains are not clones of Escherichia coli but sister species in the genus Escherichia","volume":"11","author":"Zuo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Reprod Biol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01359","article-title":"Matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass-spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) based microbial identifications: challenges and scopes for microbial ecologists","volume":"7","author":"Rahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05547.x","article-title":"Shigella chromosomal IpaH proteins are secreted via the type III secretion system and act as effectors","volume":"63","author":"Ashida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.12.3724-3732.2003","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Russian hospitals","volume":"47","author":"Edelstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000136","article-title":"Update on molecular epidemiology of Shigella infection","volume":"31","author":"Lima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01790-16","article-title":"Identification of Escherichia coli and Shigella species from whole-genome sequences","volume":"55","author":"Chattaway","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref321","first-page":"100","article-title":"Shigella IpaH family effectors as a versatile model for studying Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Ashida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1123-2","article-title":"Multiplex real-time PCR assay for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and screening for non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1395-7","article-title":"Differentiation between Shigella, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and noninvasive Escherichia coli","volume":"31","author":"van den Beld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-50-1-127","article-title":"Intrageneric relationships among Micromonospora species deduced from gyrB-based phylogeny and DNA relatedness","volume":"50","author":"Kasai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2017.1116","article-title":"Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in clinical Shigella isolates during 2014 and 2015: trends in South India","volume":"7","author":"Anandan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2017.09.003","article-title":"Accurate differentiation of Escherichia coli and Shigella serogroups: challenges and strategies","volume":"21","author":"Devanga Ragupathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"journal-title":"By category | Number of deaths by region \u2013 diarrhoeal diseases","key":"ref451"},{"key":"ref791","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00350-16","article-title":"Investigating the relatedness of Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli to other E. coli and Shigella isolates by using comparative genomics","volume":"84","author":"Hazen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"journal-title":"By category | Number of deaths by region \u2013 diarrhoeal diseases","key":"ref01"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01526-13","article-title":"Novel approach for differentiating Shigella species and Escherichia coli by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry","volume":"51","author":"Khot","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref411","first-page":"140","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Shigella isolates in a tertiary healthcare center","volume":"10","author":"Madhavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Lab Phys"},{"journal-title":"The European committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing","key":"ref621"},{"key":"ref631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100956","article-title":"Development of a multiplex real-time PCR for the rapid detection of the predominant beta-lactamase genes CTX-M, SHV, TEM and CIT-type AmpCs in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"9","author":"Roschanski","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64685-0","article-title":"Comparison of gyrB gene sequences, 16S rRNA gene sequences and DNA-DNA hybridization in the Bacillus subtilis group","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.03.010","article-title":"Lebanese Society of Infectious Diseases study group (LSID study group): surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Lebanese hospitals: retrospective nationwide compiled data","volume":"46","author":"Chamoun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.036","article-title":"Global burden of diarrheal diseases among children in developing countries: incidence, etiology, and insights from new molecular diagnostic techniques","volume":"35","author":"Kotloff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2017.37.5.415","article-title":"Characterization of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase genes of Shigella flexneri isolates with fosfomycin resistance from patients in China","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01359","article-title":"Matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass-spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) based microbial identifications: challenges and scopes for microbial ecologists","volume":"7","author":"Rahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2016.2221","article-title":"Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for identification of Shigellae and Four Shigella species using novel genetic markers screened by comparative genomics","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"ref771","first-page":"100","article-title":"Shigella IpaH family effectors as a versatile model for studying Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Ashida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks023","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant Shigella infections from Iran: an overlooked problem?","volume":"67","author":"Tajbakhsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000136","article-title":"Update on molecular epidemiology of Shigella infection","volume":"31","author":"Lima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.10","article-title":"The genomic signatures of Shigella evolution, adaptation and geographical spread","volume":"14","author":"The","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2017.1116","article-title":"Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in clinical Shigella isolates during 2014 and 2015: trends in South India","volume":"7","author":"Anandan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01526-13","article-title":"Novel approach for differentiating Shigella species and Escherichia coli by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry","volume":"51","author":"Khot","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.02.002","article-title":"Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia","volume":"35","author":"Dekker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med"},{"key":"ref821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030600","article-title":"A Comparison of rpoB and 16S rRNA as markers in pyrosequencing studies of bacterial diversity","volume":"7","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64685-0","article-title":"Comparison of gyrB gene sequences, 16S rRNA gene sequences and DNA-DNA hybridization in the Bacillus subtilis group","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030600","article-title":"A Comparison of rpoB and 16S rRNA as markers in pyrosequencing studies of bacterial diversity","volume":"7","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FSO229","DOI":"10.4155\/fsoa-2017-0063","article-title":"Identification of nonserotypeable Shigella spp. using genome sequencing: a step forward","volume":"3","author":"Dhiviya Prabaa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Sci OA"},{"journal-title":"The European committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing","key":"ref171"},{"key":"ref561","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2016.00004","article-title":"Molecular differentiation of Shigella spp. from enteroinvasive E. coli","volume":"6","author":"L\u00f8bersli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"ref651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks023","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant Shigella infections from Iran: an overlooked problem?","volume":"67","author":"Tajbakhsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02019612","article-title":"Comparison of micro-ID with API 20E for identification of Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia species","volume":"1","author":"Ekwall","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref841","first-page":"233","article-title":"Prevalence and susceptibility patterns of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in a general university hospital in Beirut, Lebanon","volume":"16","author":"Daoud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev Esp Quimioter"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"61","article-title":"Shigella strains are not clones of Escherichia coli but sister species in the genus Escherichia","volume":"11","author":"Zuo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Reprod Biol"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02019612","article-title":"Comparison of micro-ID with API 20E for identification of Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia species","volume":"1","author":"Ekwall","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.4.1436-1440.2002","article-title":"Rapid detection of Shiga toxin-producing bacteria in feces by multiplex PCR with molecular beacons on the smart cycler","volume":"40","author":"B\u00e9langer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2016.2221","article-title":"Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for identification of Shigellae and Four Shigella species using novel genetic markers screened by comparative genomics","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01790-16","article-title":"Identification of Escherichia coli and Shigella species from whole-genome sequences","volume":"55","author":"Chattaway","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01573","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analyses of Shigella and Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli for the identification of molecular epidemiological markers: whole-genome comparative analysis does not support distinct genera designation","volume":"6","author":"Pettengill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.10.004","article-title":"Differentiation and identification of Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli in environmental waters by a molecular method and biochemical test","volume":"44","author":"Hsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FSO229","DOI":"10.4155\/fsoa-2017-0063","article-title":"Identification of nonserotypeable Shigella spp. using genome sequencing: a step forward","volume":"3","author":"Dhiviya Prabaa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Sci OA"},{"key":"ref731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00114.x","article-title":"Structure and genetics of Shigella O antigens","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1123-2","article-title":"Multiplex real-time PCR assay for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and screening for non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2011.04973.x","article-title":"Development of a duplex real-time PCR for differentiation between E. coli and Shigella spp","volume":"110","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref851","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis224","article-title":"Group for Enteric, Respiratory, and Meningeal Disease Surveillance in South Africa (GERMS-SA): systemic shigellosis in South Africa","volume":"54","author":"Keddy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-50-1-127","article-title":"Intrageneric relationships among Micromonospora species deduced from gyrB-based phylogeny and DNA relatedness","volume":"50","author":"Kasai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref481","article-title":"Diarrheal diseases","volume-title":"Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health: disease control priorities","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Keusch","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29124","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29124","article-title":"Molecular characterization and analysis of high-level multidrug-resistance of Shigella flexneri serotype 4s strains from China","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00626-12","article-title":"Optimization of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis for bacterial identification","volume":"50","author":"Khot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00626-12","article-title":"Optimization of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis for bacterial identification","volume":"50","author":"Khot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-016-0073-x","article-title":"Shigellosis in Nepal: 13 years review of nationwide surveillance","volume":"35","author":"Shakya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00032-07","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of Shigella spp.: controlling host cell signaling, invasion, and death by type III secretion","volume":"21","author":"Schroeder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.10.004","article-title":"Differentiation and identification of Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli in environmental waters by a molecular method and biochemical test","volume":"44","author":"Hsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis224","article-title":"Group for Enteric, Respiratory, and Meningeal Disease Surveillance in South Africa (GERMS-SA): systemic shigellosis in South Africa","volume":"54","author":"Keddy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00032-07","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of Shigella spp.: controlling host cell signaling, invasion, and death by type III secretion","volume":"21","author":"Schroeder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.10","article-title":"The genomic signatures of Shigella evolution, adaptation and geographical spread","volume":"14","author":"The","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref661","first-page":"53","article-title":"A preliminary survey of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in Japan","volume":"184","author":"Yagi","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2011.04973.x","article-title":"Development of a duplex real-time PCR for differentiation between E. coli and Shigella spp","volume":"110","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.03.010","article-title":"Lebanese Society of Infectious Diseases study group (LSID study group): surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Lebanese hospitals: retrospective nationwide compiled data","volume":"46","author":"Chamoun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Diarrheal diseases","volume-title":"Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health: disease control priorities","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Keusch","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref891","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207850","article-title":"Etiologic and clinical characterization of community acquired gastroenteritis in adult patients in a Chilean emergency room by the film array GI panel","volume":"13","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03552-14","article-title":"Emergence of OXA-48-producing Escherichia coli clone ST38 in fowl","volume":"59","author":"Al Bayssari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01573","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analyses of Shigella and Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli for the identification of molecular epidemiological markers: whole-genome comparative analysis does not support distinct genera designation","volume":"6","author":"Pettengill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2017.09.003","article-title":"Accurate differentiation of Escherichia coli and Shigella serogroups: challenges and strategies","volume":"21","author":"Devanga Ragupathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.036","article-title":"Global burden of diarrheal diseases among children in developing countries: incidence, etiology, and insights from new molecular diagnostic techniques","volume":"35","author":"Kotloff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref861","first-page":"140","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Shigella isolates in a tertiary healthcare center","volume":"10","author":"Madhavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Lab Phys"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207850","article-title":"Etiologic and clinical characterization of community acquired gastroenteritis in adult patients in a Chilean emergency room by the film array GI panel","volume":"13","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2016.00004","article-title":"Molecular differentiation of Shigella spp. from enteroinvasive E. coli","volume":"6","author":"L\u00f8bersli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"ref871","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2017.37.5.415","article-title":"Characterization of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase genes of Shigella flexneri isolates with fosfomycin resistance from patients in China","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med"},{"key":"ref881","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.02.002","article-title":"Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia","volume":"35","author":"Dekker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29124","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29124","article-title":"Molecular characterization and analysis of high-level multidrug-resistance of Shigella flexneri serotype 4s strains from China","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1395-7","article-title":"Differentiation between Shigella, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and noninvasive Escherichia coli","volume":"31","author":"van den Beld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref751","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-016-0073-x","article-title":"Shigellosis in Nepal: 13 years review of nationwide surveillance","volume":"35","author":"Shakya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.12.3724-3732.2003","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Russian hospitals","volume":"47","author":"Edelstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref211","first-page":"53","article-title":"A preliminary survey of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in Japan","volume":"184","author":"Yagi","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05547.x","article-title":"Shigella chromosomal IpaH proteins are secreted via the type III secretion system and act as effectors","volume":"63","author":"Ashida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.4.1436-1440.2002","article-title":"Rapid detection of Shiga toxin-producing bacteria in feces by multiplex PCR with molecular beacons on the smart cycler","volume":"40","author":"B\u00e9langer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03552-14","article-title":"Emergence of OXA-48-producing Escherichia coli clone ST38 in fowl","volume":"59","author":"Al Bayssari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref391","first-page":"233","article-title":"Prevalence and susceptibility patterns of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in a general university hospital in Beirut, Lebanon","volume":"16","author":"Daoud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev Esp Quimioter"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100956","article-title":"Development of a multiplex real-time PCR for the rapid detection of the predominant beta-lactamase genes CTX-M, SHV, TEM and CIT-type AmpCs in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"9","author":"Roschanski","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"}],"container-title":["Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.akademiai.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1556\/030.2020.01102","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/67\/2\/article-p100.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/030\/67\/2\/article-p100.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T00:02:37Z","timestamp":1651536157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/67\/2\/article-p100.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/030.2020.01102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1217-8950","1588-2640"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1217-8950"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1588-2640"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}}}