{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:13:18Z","timestamp":1787065998727,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMicr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a common pathogen causing hospital infections. The increasing rate of healthcare-associated infections caused by methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MRSA) in developing countries has led to many public health problems. This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology as well as the antibiotic resistance pattern of clinical isolates of MRSA from Southern Iran. A total of 135\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were collected from the patients referred to three hospitals in South Iran. The phenotypic and genotypic diagnosis of MRSA isolates was performed by disk diffusion and PCR methods, respectively. The antibiotic resistance pattern for MRSA isolates was performed using Kirby\u2013Bauer method. The molecular epidemiology of isolates was performed by MLST, Spa typing and SCC\n                    <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    typing. From 135\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, 50 (37%) MRSA strains were detected from which two different sequence types including ST239 and ST605 were identified. SCC\n                    <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    type III was the most common profile (50%) and t030 was the predominant spa type (48%) among the strains. The MRSA isolates had the highest resistance to penicillin (100%), tetracycline (88%), levofloxacin (86%), ciprofloxacin (84%), erythromycin (82%), gentamicin (80%), and clindamycin (78%). The results of this study show that the most common genetic type among the MRSA isolates was ST239-SCC\n                    <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    III\/t030. The rapid and timely detection of MRSA and the administration of appropriate antibiotics according to the published antibiotic resistance patterns are essential. Furthermore, the continuous and nationwide MRSA surveillance studies are necessary to investigate clonal distribution and spreading of MRSA from community to hospitals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2021.01365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T10:27:22Z","timestamp":1622629642000},"page":"121-127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Genetic diversity of healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Southern Iran"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Sorour","family":"Farzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Rezazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Moscow State University M. V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmadreza","family":"Mirhosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Moscow State University M. V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Amin","family":"Rezazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhan","family":"Houshyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Moscow State University M. V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7011-8827","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00507","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus colonization: modulation of host immune response and impact on human vaccine design","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.1008-1015.2000","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus 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Resist"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7020054","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in poultry species in Algeria: long-term study on prevalence and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"7","author":"Benrabia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-008-7430-7","article-title":"Emergence of SCCmec type IV as the most common type of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a university hospital","volume":"37","author":"Strand\u00e9n","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0232456","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232456","article-title":"Investigation of the human nasal microbiome in persons with long-and short-term exposure to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria from the pig farm 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strains","volume":"37","author":"Shopsin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7687","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.122108599","article-title":"The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)","volume":"99","author":"Enright","year":"2002","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgeb.2018.05.004","article-title":"Healthcare-associated (HA) and community-associated (CA) methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Bangladesh\u2013Source, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Parvez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Genet Eng Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12735","article-title":"Methicillin\u2010resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a controversial food\u2010borne pathogen","volume":"64","author":"Sergelidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref171","volume-title":"Performance Standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 29th informational supplement","author":"CLSI","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref661","first-page":"e30632","article-title":"SCCmec typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an eight year experience","volume":"3","author":"Amirkhiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-008-7430-7","article-title":"Emergence of SCCmec type IV as the most common type of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a university hospital","volume":"37","author":"Strand\u00e9n","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12735","article-title":"Methicillin\u2010resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a controversial food\u2010borne pathogen","volume":"64","author":"Sergelidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lett 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analysis","volume":"104","author":"Goudarzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7020054","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in poultry species in Algeria: long-term study on prevalence and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"7","author":"Benrabia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1086\/345476","article-title":"Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01890-09","article-title":"Emergence of SCCmec type IV and SCCmec type V methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes in a 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Tehran, Iran","volume":"22","author":"Goudarzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.070722-0","article-title":"Characteristics of hospital-and community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Tehran, Iran","volume":"63","author":"Rahimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01718.x","article-title":"Clonal spread of SCCmec type IV methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between community and hospital","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infec"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.021956-0","article-title":"A simplified multiplex PCR assay for fast and easy discrimination of globally distributed staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"59","author":"Ghaznavi-Rad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01890-09","article-title":"Emergence of SCCmec type IV and SCCmec type V methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes in a large academic teaching hospital in central Switzerland: external invaders or persisting circulators?","volume":"48","author":"Valsesia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2008.0822","article-title":"Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec) analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates in Tehran, Iran","volume":"14","author":"Fatholahzadeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"82","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus strains from a teaching hospital in Isfahan, Iran: the emergence of MRSA ST639-SCCmec III and ST343-SCCmec III","volume":"10","author":"Sedaghat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran J Microbiol"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.02.018","article-title":"Emergence of SCCmec type III with variable antimicrobial resistance profiles and spa types among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from healthcare-and community-acquired infections in the west of Iran","volume":"25","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.5578\/mb.5770","article-title":"t030 is the most common spa type among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from Turkish hospitals","volume":"47","author":"Bozdo\u011fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mikrobiyol Bul"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.01.001","article-title":"Guidelines for the control and prevention of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in healthcare facilities","volume":"63","author":"Coia","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.03.023","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the first community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from Central Iran","volume":"17","author":"Japoni-Nejad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-29","article-title":"Daptomycin antimicrobial activity tested against methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated in European medical centers (2005)","volume":"7","author":"Sader","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC 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