{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T01:40:28Z","timestamp":1777513228848,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Sofia","award":["D-45\/8.3.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D-45\/8.3.2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMicr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Severe infections of virulent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA) are a serious health problem. The present study aimed to investigate clonal spread, virulence and antimicrobial resistance rates of Bulgarian MRSA isolates in 2016\u20132020.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Molecular identification and mecA<\/jats:italic> gene detection were performed with PCR. Clonal relatedness was evaluated by RAPD PCR and MLST. MRSA epidemiology, virulence and resistance patterns were investigated by PCR.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n All 27 isolates were identified as S. aureus<\/jats:italic> and were mecA<\/jats:italic> positive, and all were susceptible to linezolid, tigecycline and vancomycin. The toxin genes hlg<\/jats:italic> (in 92.6% of isolates), seb (<\/jats:italic>77.8%), sei (<\/jats:italic>77.8%), seh<\/jats:italic> (59.3%), sej<\/jats:italic> (55.6%), and seg<\/jats:italic> (48.1%), were frequently found among the isolates. Epidemiological typing by RAPD identified 4 clones (16 isolates) and 11 were with a unique profile. MLST analysis of the same MRSA isolates showed five MLST clonal complexes and 11 ST types, including CC5 (33.3%) (ST5, ST221, ST4776), CC8 (22.2%) (ST8, ST239, ST72), CC15 (ST582), CC22 (14.8%) (ST217, ST5417), CC30 (ST30) CC398 (ST398), and CC59 (ST59). The isolates from CC5 showed higher virulence potential and almost all were macrolide resistant (erm<\/jats:italic>B or erm<\/jats:italic>C positive). CC8 isolates showed higher level of resistance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first describing the clonal spreading of Bulgarian MRSA and the association with their virulence and resistance determinants. Monitoring of MRSA epidemiology, resistance and virulence profile can lead to better prevention and faster therapeutic choice in cases of severe infections.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2022.01766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T09:23:13Z","timestamp":1655803393000},"page":"193-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Molecular epidemiology, virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Bulgarian methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3605-6447","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Raina","family":"Gergova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virna-Maria","family":"Tsitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Svetoslav G.","family":"Dimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyudmila","family":"Boyanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalina","family":"Mihova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine Center, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Strateva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivanka","family":"Gergova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Military Epidemiology and Hygiene, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rumyana","family":"Markovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Front Microbiol","first-page":"1211","article-title":"Molecular characteristics of community-associated Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pediatric patients with bloodstream infections between 2012 and 2017 in Shanghai, China","volume":"9","author":"Wang \n X","year":"2018 Jun 6","unstructured":"Wang \n X\n , \n Liu \n Q\n , \n Zhang \n H\n , \n Li \n X\n , \n Huang \n W\n , \n Fu \n Q\n , et\u00a0al.\n \n Molecular characteristics of community-associated Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pediatric patients with bloodstream infections between 2012 and 2017 in Shanghai, China. 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Characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the toxic shock syndrome toxin gene: high prevalence of clonal complex 22 strains and the emergence of new spa types t223 and t605 in Iran. New Microbes and New Infections \n 2020; 36: 100695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100695."}],"container-title":["Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/69\/3\/article-p193.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/030\/69\/3\/article-p193.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/030\/69\/3\/article-p193.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T12:49:40Z","timestamp":1663332580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/69\/3\/article-p193.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/030.2022.01766","relation":{},"ISSN":["1217-8950","1588-2640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1217-8950","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]}}}