{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T23:24:39Z","timestamp":1751412279626,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"Council of Medical Science of the Medical University of Sofia","award":["7240\/15.11.2021","D-134\/14.06.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7240\/15.11.2021","D-134\/14.06.2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMicr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">The present study aimed to explore the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of biofilm formation in Bulgarian nosocomial <jats:italic>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/jats:italic> isolates (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 221) during the period 2011\u20132022, by screening for the presence of biofilm-associated genes (BAG) (<jats:italic>spgM<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>rmlA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>rpfF<\/jats:italic>), their mutational variability, and assessment of the adherent growth on a polystyrene surface. The methodology included: PCR amplification, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and crystal violet microtiter plate assay for biofilm quantification. The overall incidence of BAG was: <jats:italic>spgM<\/jats:italic> 98.6%, <jats:italic>rmlA<\/jats:italic> 86%, and <jats:italic>rpfF<\/jats:italic> 66.5%. The most prevalent genotype was <jats:italic>spgM<\/jats:italic>+\/<jats:italic>rmlA<\/jats:italic>+\/<jats:italic>rpfF<\/jats:italic>+ (56.1%), followed by <jats:italic>spgM<\/jats:italic>+\/<jats:italic>rmlA<\/jats:italic>+\/<jats:italic>rpfF<\/jats:italic>- (28.5%), and <jats:italic>spgM+<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>rmlA-<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>rpfF+<\/jats:italic> (9.5%), with their significant predominance in lower respiratory tract isolates compared to those with other origin (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). All strains examined were characterized as strong biofilm producers (OD<jats:sub>550<\/jats:sub> from 0.224 \u00b1 0.049 to 2.065 \u00b1 0.023) with a single exception that showed a weak biofilm-forming ability (0.177 \u00b1 0.024). No significant differences were observed in the biofilm formation according to the isolation source, as well as among COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 isolates (1.256 \u00b1 0.028 vs. 1.348 \u00b1 0.128, respectively). Also, no correlation was found between the biofilm amounts and the corresponding genotypes. WGS showed that the <jats:italic>rmlA<\/jats:italic> accumulated a larger number of variants (0.0086 per base) compared to the other BAG, suggesting no critical role of its product to the biofilm formation. Additionally, two of the isolates were found to harbour class 1 integrons (7-kb and 2.6-kb sized, respectively) containing <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic> in their 3\u2032 conservative ends, which confers sulfonamide resistance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic> biofilm formation in Bulgaria, which also identifies novel sequence types (ST819, ST820 and ST826). It demonstrates the complex nature of this adaptive mechanism in the multifactorial pathogenesis of biofilm-associated infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2023.01920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T19:12:04Z","timestamp":1673637124000},"page":"11-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Analysis of biofilm formation in nosocomial Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates collected in Bulgaria: An 11-year study (2011\u20132022)"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5197-1849","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tanya","family":"Strateva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelina","family":"Trifonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Lozenetz, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Sirakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dayana","family":"Borisova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikaela","family":"Stancheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Keuleyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Lozenetz, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Setchanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Slavil","family":"Peykov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"BioInfoTech Laboratory, Sofia Tech Park, Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"2","article-title":"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging global opportunistic pathogen","volume":"25","author":"Brooke JS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brooke JS. 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