{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:22:52Z","timestamp":1784542972825,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMicr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antimicrobial disinfectants have been extensively used to control hospital-acquired infections worldwide. Prolonged exposure to bacteria could promote resistance to antimicrobial disinfectants. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of four commonly used disinfectants; triclosan, chlorhexidine digluconate, benzalkonium chloride, and formaldehyde against <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic> clinical isolates. This study also determined the prevalence and association of efflux pumps encoding genes <jats:italic>qacE<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>qacED1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>emrA<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>aceI<\/jats:italic> with tolerance to disinfectants. A total of 100 <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic> isolates were included in the\u00a0current study. The antimicrobial disinfectants' minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using an agar dilution method. Genes involved in resistance to disinfectants were investigated by PCR method. The benzalkonium chloride MICs ranged between 32 and 128\u2009\u03bcg mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, chlorhexidine digluconate 8\u201364\u2009\u03bcg mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, triclosan 1\u201332\u2009\u03bcg mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, and formaldehyde 128\u2009\u03bcg mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Overall, the highest MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> value was identified for formaldehyde (128\u2009\u03bcg mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), followed by benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine digluconate (64\u2009\u03bcg mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, each one) and triclosan (4\u2009\u03bcg mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). In\u00a0the present study, the <jats:italic>qacE, qacED1, emrA<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>aceI<\/jats:italic> genes were found in 91%, 55%, 100%, and 88% of\u00a0isolates, respectively. The <jats:italic>qacG<\/jats:italic> gene was not identified in our <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic> isolates. The <jats:italic>qacED1<\/jats:italic> gene\u00a0was associated with higher MICs for all disinfectants tested (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), while the <jats:italic>qacE<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>aceI<\/jats:italic>\u00a0genes were associated with higher MICs for benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine. This study indicated that triclosan is the most effective disinfectant against <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic> isolates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2023.02087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T13:31:00Z","timestamp":1697117460000},"page":"311-317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Characterization of disinfectant susceptibility profiles among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in Ardabil, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Malek","family":"Namaki Kheljan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malihe","family":"Hassanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehran","family":"Srdari Jabedar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Mohammadi Gollou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parastoo","family":"Ashouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roghayeh","family":"Teimourpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4233-9497","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Arzanlou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran"},{"name":"Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"B1","series-title":"PLoS Med","article-title":"Burden of six healthcare-associated infections on European population health: estimating incidence-based disability-adjusted life years through a population prevalence-based modelling study","volume":"13","author":"Cassini A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cassini A, Plachouras D, Eckmanns T, Abu Sin M, Blank H-P, Ducomble T, et\u00a0al. 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