{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T05:10:02Z","timestamp":1747199402255,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Akademiai Kiado Zrt.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["K111615","FK134311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K111615","FK134311"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["akjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AMicr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most important etiological agents of acute viral hepatitis but comprehensive molecular epidemiological study with chrono-phylogeographical data are not available from Hungary.<\/jats:p>Between 2003 and 2022, a total of 8,307 HAV infections were registered officially in Hungary of which 400 (4.8%) HAV IgM antibody-positive serum samples were collected countrywide. HAV genomic RNA was successfully detected in 216\/400 (54%) sera by RT-PCR subsequently confirmed by sequencing. The complete nucleotide sequences of VP1 region were determined in 32 representative HAV strains. Based on the sequence analysis, 150 (69.4%) strains were characterized as HAV sub-genotype IA and 66 (30.6%) as sub-genotype IB, respectively. Based on the combined epidemiological and molecular data, epidemic, endemic, and imported HAV strains were also characterized. The first two registered countrywide outbreaks started among men-sex-with men (MSM) in 2011 (sub-genotype IA) and 2021 (sub-genotype IB), the continuously circulating endemic\/domestic HAV strain (sub-genotype IA) in East Hungary and the travel-related sub-genotype IB strains from Egypt should be highlighted. All HAV strains are deposited in the HAVNET database (https:\/\/www.rivm.nl\/en\/havnet<\/jats:ext-link>).<\/jats:p>In this 20-year-long comprehensive molecular epidemiological study, we report the genetic characterization and geographic distribution of endemic, epidemic and imported HAV strains for the first time in Hungary with continuous co-circulation of sub-genotypes IA and IB HAV strains since 2003. These data provide basic information about the HAV situation in the country in an international context and can promote more effective national public health intervention strategies for the prevention of HAV transmissions and infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2023.02099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T11:14:14Z","timestamp":1690283654000},"page":"246-251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/policypage.crossmark.crossref.2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular epidemiology and characterization of endemic, epidemic and imported hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains in Hungary (2003\u20132022)"],"prefix":"10.1556","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5857-4934","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Reuter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"Boros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Pankovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"425","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"B1","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"2421","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Picornaviridae","volume":"98","author":"Zell R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zell R, Delwart E, Gorbalenya AE, Hovi T, King AMQ, Knowles NJ, et al. ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Picornaviridae. J Gen Virol 2017; 98(10): 2421\u20132422."},{"issue":"10","key":"B2","series-title":"J\u00a0Gen Virol","first-page":"2124","article-title":"Genetic variability of hepatitis A virus","volume":"98","author":"Costa-Mattioli M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Costa-Mattioli M, Do Napoli A, Ferr\u00e9 V, Billaudel S, Perez-Bercoff R, Cristina J. Genetic variability of hepatitis A virus. J\u00a0Gen Virol 2003; 98(10): 2124\u20132422."},{"issue":"28","key":"B3","series-title":"Euro Surveill","article-title":"Improving preparedness to respond to cross-border hepatitis A outbreaks in the European Union\/European Economic Area: towards comparable sequencing of hepatitis A virus","volume":"24","author":"Enkirch T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Enkirch T, Seven E, Vennema H, Thornton L, Dean J, Borg ML, et\u00a0al. Improving preparedness to respond to cross-border hepatitis A outbreaks in the European Union\/European Economic Area: towards comparable sequencing of hepatitis A virus. Euro Surveill 2019; 24(28): 1800397."},{"issue":"44","key":"B4","series-title":"Orv Hetil","first-page":"2257","article-title":"Molecular detection and sequence analysis of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in two outbreaks in 2004 in North East Hungary","volume":"146","author":"Reuter G","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reuter G, Juh\u00e1sz \u00c1, Kosztol\u00e1nyi L, Lefler \u00c9. Molecular detection and sequence analysis of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in two outbreaks in 2004 in North East Hungary. Orv Hetil 2005; 146(44): 2257\u20132262."},{"key":"B5","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"1392","article-title":"Co-circulation of genotype IA and new variant IB hepatitis A virus in outbreaks of acute hepatitis in Hungary \u2013 2003\/2004","volume":"78","author":"Reuter G","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reuter G, Juh\u00e1sz \u00c1, Kosztol\u00e1nyi L, Lefler \u00c9, Fekete Z. Co-circulation of genotype IA and new variant IB hepatitis A virus in outbreaks of acute hepatitis in Hungary \u2013 2003\/2004. J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1392\u20131397."},{"issue":"22","key":"B6","series-title":"Orv Hetil","first-page":"1023","article-title":"Hepatitis A outbreak in Transdanubia (Hungary): molecular connections and epidemiological conclusions \u2013 2006","volume":"148","author":"Reuter G","year":"2007","unstructured":"Reuter G, Pankovics P, Stefler D, L\u00f6veyn\u00e9 M\u00f3ricz \u00c1, Varga E, Kiss G, et al. Hepatitis A outbreak in Transdanubia (Hungary): molecular connections and epidemiological conclusions \u2013 2006. Orv Hetil 2007; 148(22): 1023\u20131031."},{"issue":"3","key":"B7","series-title":"Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung","first-page":"228","article-title":"Seroprevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis A virus in the pre-vaccine era in South Transdanubia, Hungary (2010\u20132020)","volume":"69","author":"Reuter G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reuter G, Boros \u00c1, Pankovics P. Seroprevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis A virus in the pre-vaccine era in South Transdanubia, Hungary (2010\u20132020). Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2022; 69(3): 228\u2013232."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Arch Virol","first-page":"1921","article-title":"Detection and characterization of hepatitis A virus circulating in Egypt","volume":"162","author":"Hamza H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamza H, Abd-Elshafy DN, Fayed SA, Bahgat MM, El-Esnawy NA, Abdel-Mobdy E. Detection and characterization of hepatitis A virus circulating in Egypt. Arch Virol 2017; 162: 1921\u20131931."},{"issue":"6","key":"B9","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1742","article-title":"Changing molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus infections, United States, 1996\u20132019","volume":"27","author":"Ramachandran S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramachandran S, Xia GL, Dimitrova Z, Lin Y, Montgomery M, Augustine R, et al. Changing molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus infections, United States, 1996\u20132019. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27(6): 1742\u20131745."},{"issue":"8","key":"B10","series-title":"Euro Surveill","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus outbreak among men who have sex with men (MSM) predominantly linked with the EuroPride the Netherlands, July 2016 to February 2017","volume":"22","author":"Friedl GS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Friedl GS, Sonder GJ, Bov\u00e9e LP, Friesema IH, van Rijckevorsel GG, Ruijs WL, et al. Hepatitis A virus outbreak among men who have sex with men (MSM) predominantly linked with the EuroPride the Netherlands, July 2016 to February 2017. Euro Surveill 2017; 22(8): 30468."},{"issue":"33","key":"B11","series-title":"Euro Surveill","article-title":"Hepatitis A outbreak disproportionately affecting men who have sex with men (MSM) in the European Union and European Economic Area, June 2016 to May 2017","volume":"23","author":"Ndumbi P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ndumbi P, Freidl GS, Williams CJ, Mardh O, Varela C, Avell\u00f3n A, et al. Hepatitis A outbreak disproportionately affecting men who have sex with men (MSM) in the European Union and European Economic Area, June 2016 to May 2017. Euro Surveill 2018; 23(33): 1700641."},{"issue":"33\u201334","key":"B12","first-page":"390","article-title":"Epinfo Epidemiol\u00f3giai Inform\u00e1ci\u00f3s Hetilap: Hepatitis A megbeteged\u00e9sek halmoz\u00f3d\u00e1sa Budapesten","volume":"19","year":"2012","unstructured":"Epinfo Epidemiol\u00f3giai Inform\u00e1ci\u00f3s Hetilap: Hepatitis A megbeteged\u00e9sek halmoz\u00f3d\u00e1sa Budapesten. 2012; 19(33\u201334): 390\u2013391."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"B13","first-page":"69","article-title":"Epinfo Epidemiol\u00f3giai Inform\u00e1ci\u00f3s Hetilap: Hepatitis A j\u00e1rv\u00e1ny Budapesten, 2012\u20132013","volume":"20","year":"2013","unstructured":"Epinfo Epidemiol\u00f3giai Inform\u00e1ci\u00f3s Hetilap: Hepatitis A j\u00e1rv\u00e1ny Budapesten, 2012\u20132013. 2013; 20(7\u20138): 69\u201373."},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Epidemiological update: hepatitis A outbreak in the EU\/EEA mostly affecting men who have sex with men","author":"ECDC","year":"2018","unstructured":"ECDC. Epidemiological update: hepatitis A outbreak in the EU\/EEA mostly affecting men who have sex with men. ECDC: Stockholm, Sweden, 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/news-events\/epidemiological-update-hepatitis-outbreak-eueea-mostly-affecting-men-who-have-sex-men-2."},{"key":"B15","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"87","article-title":"Hepatitis A outbreak in men who have sex with men using pre-exposure prophylaxis and people living with HIV in Croatia, January to October 2022","volume":"15","author":"Bogdanic N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bogdanic N, Begovac J, Mocibob L, Zekan S, Grgic I, Ujevic J, et al. Hepatitis A outbreak in men who have sex with men using pre-exposure prophylaxis and people living with HIV in Croatia, January to October 2022. Viruses 2023; 15: 87."},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"146","article-title":"Hepatitis A outbreak among MSM in Berlin due to low vaccination coverage: epidemiology, management, and successful interventions","volume":"103","author":"Zimmerman R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zimmerman R, Faber M, Dudareva S, Ingiliz P, Jessen H, Koch J, et\u00a0al. Hepatitis A outbreak among MSM in Berlin due to low vaccination coverage: epidemiology, management, and successful interventions. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 103: 146\u2013153."},{"key":"B17","series-title":"The Lancet Reg Health Eur","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of the 2016\u201318 outbreak of hepatitis A among men who have sex with men in England and cost-effectiveness analysis of vaccination strategies to prevent future outbreaks","volume":"19","author":"Zhang XS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang XS, Ong JJ, Macgregor L, Vilaplana TG, Heathcock ST, Mindlin M, et al. Transmission dynamics of the 2016\u201318 outbreak of hepatitis A among men who have sex with men in England and cost-effectiveness analysis of vaccination strategies to prevent future outbreaks. The Lancet Reg Health Eur 2022; 19: 100426."}],"container-title":["Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/70\/3\/article-p246.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/70\/3\/article-p246.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/70\/3\/article-p246.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T13:36:03Z","timestamp":1695303363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/akjournals.com\/view\/journals\/030\/70\/3\/article-p246.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/030.2023.02099","relation":{},"ISSN":["1217-8950","1588-2640"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1217-8950"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1588-2640"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]}}}